古早中国锁具之美：遗落的国家宝藏

★为什么要认识古锁？古锁拥有怎样的价值？
随着人们对传统文化、文物越来越重视，古锁的收藏价值也越来越高，一般来说价格比较低，升值空间大。而且此类收藏正处在发展阶段，市场尚未饱和，容易收藏到精品，正是进军古锁收藏的良机；

★顺应收藏市场的发展趋势，在古锁收藏市场中快人一步
古锁市场愈来愈热，却缺少一本具有权威性的收藏指导书。《古早中国锁具之美》将作为指导收藏的先驱者，帮助读者在收藏市场中觅得先机，探明收藏规律；

★非遗传承人鼎力推荐，于鸿雁老师倾情作序
古典家具宫廷烫蜡技艺非遗传承人、全国工商联文物艺术品商会副会长于鸿雁老师作序推荐，盛赞古早中国锁具的文化魅力与收藏前景；

在现代锁流入中国前，古锁曾作为中国人的保护者存在于大街小巷之中，是古人们的生活中不可或缺的必要工具。要了解中国民间文化，古锁是取之不尽的无价宝藏。然而，这样一件珍品，其文化价值和收藏价值被现今社会大大地忽略了，导致了民间古锁的大规模流失与损毁。为了让人们正确认识古锁真正的收藏价值，这本书的存在将会显得弥足珍贵。

《古早中国锁具之美》将为你展示100多款古典锁具，从历史渊源、文化渊源，到古锁的类型、工艺和开启方式，作者将一一道来，带你*直观地认识中国古锁，在直观、丰富的古锁图像中了解古锁的古典之美和亟待发掘的收藏价值；另一方面，读者将了解古锁隐藏的文化内涵，了解古锁在中国文明的发展历程中如何联结起中国传统宗族的血脉意识和乡土情怀，在古锁的魅力中追溯中国民间的高超技艺、唤醒中华沉睡的文化记忆……

颜鸿森教授1951年生于台湾彰化，1980年获得美国普渡大学机械工程博士后在台湾成功大学任教迄今，研究领域为机器创新设计和古机械复原设计，发表学术论文300多篇，著有国内外专书12本。颜教授目前为成功大学讲座教授、机械学教授，曾专职中技社机械工程师、成功大学教授、美国通用汽车公司资深研究工程师、纽约州立大学石溪分校副教授、国立科学工艺博物馆馆长及大叶大学校长，曾获多项国内外学术奖项，如美国机械工程师学会会员与机制会议论文奖论文奖、杰出人才讲座、国际机构学与机械科学促进联合会荣誉会员、机械工程奖章，以及斐陶斐荣誉学会杰出成就奖等，以收藏、研究古早中国锁具为爱好，是著名的古锁收藏家和研究者。

壹

绪言

INTRODUCTION 002

贰

历史发展

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 008

叁

古锁语源

LINGUISTIC ORIGIN OF LOCKS 012

肆

古锁类型

TYPES OF LOCKS 017

伍

古锁外形

SHAPES OF LOCKS 021

陆

锁体雕花

ENGRAVING OF LOCKS 039

柒

锁体材质

MATERIALS OF LOCKS 064

捌

古锁构造

MECHANISMS OF LOCKS 072

玖

簧片构形

CONFIGURATIONS OF SPRINGS 078

拾

钥匙

KEYS 084

拾壹

钥匙孔

KEYHOLES 090

拾贰

古锁开启

OPENING OF LOCKS 098

参考文献 REFERENCES 110

关键词 KEY WORDS 112

绪言

INTRODUCTION

数千年来，锁具被广泛地使用在日常生活中，其发展始于人们在心理上对个人、群体或群体中之个人在安全上的实际需求。随着社会的变迁与科技的进步，锁具的功能愈加完备，不仅设计形式日新月异，且其制作精度也逐渐提高。此外，锁具应用范围，由往昔仅用于锁门、锁柜、锁箱，进而扩展到锁办公桌、锁保险柜、锁各型车辆等。然而，当人们在享受使用方便和安全的锁具时，往往不在意锁具的由来，更不知古锁的典雅优美，以及其所富含的艺术价值。

中国历史悠久，但是有关锁具的文献记载与实物保存，却相当缺乏。历代以来，锁具的制作，皆由地位卑微的锁匠为之，虽不乏巧手与奇品，但几乎都名不见经传。古锁是民俗文化的瑰宝，但由于其不易被注意到的性质，少有收藏家以古锁为寻觅的对象，亦鲜有学者以古锁为研究的主题。再者，当人们在打开古代的箱箧、橱柜或建筑物时，通常是将附在其上的锁具破坏，以获取内部的物品，未曾意识到这些毫不起眼的古锁具有保存与研究的价值，更不会注意到这些历经岁月沧桑之破旧物件所蕴藏的美丽与意义。在极少受到重视的情形下，现存古早中国锁具的数量逐渐减少，且散失的速度日益加快，而受到妥善保存的传世古锁，更是屈指可数。

中国的古锁为机械式挂锁，大部分是以钥匙开启的簧片青铜锁，少部分是不需钥匙的文字组合锁。古锁的特征很多，主要包括：锁具的类型、锁具的外形、锁体的雕花、锁体的材质、锁具的构造等。而簧片锁更有以下几项重要的特点：弹簧片的构形、钥匙的数目与钥匙头的形状、钥匙孔的位置与形状、锁具的开启方式等。簧片构造锁大多用铜或铁做成锁体与锁栓，锁栓上有数片分离的弹簧，钥匙进入锁体后，能挤压钳制张开的弹簧片，使锁栓与锁体分离。

与西洋锁相比较，古早中国锁具的特点在于：有些锁具的钥匙不易直接插入锁体上的钥匙孔，有些锁具的钥匙孔则隐藏在机关之下难以发现。

本书根据笔者十多年来对锁具的收藏与研究，以及近年所建立的“古早中国锁具网络博物馆”，系统地介绍了古锁的发展与特征，旨在尽一份微薄的心力，弥补一点有关锁具的历史文化空缺，并尝试让社会大众认识古早中国锁具的美丽。

Locks have been widely used in our daily life in the past thousands of years. The development of locks arises psychologically from practical needs on safety for individuals, for groups, or for individuals within groups. Following the progressive development of the society and the technology, the function of locks is getting complete. Not only the design of locks is greatly improved, but also the manufacturing of locks is more precise. Furthermore, the usage of locks has been extended from doors, chests, and boxes to desks, safes, vehicles, etc. However, when one is enjoying using the convenient and safe locks, he habitually neglects the development and history of locks. He usually pays no attention to the beauty of ancient locks. In addition, he normally ignores the artistic values of ancient locks.

Though with a long history, the related documents and material object of ancient Chinese locks are quite insufficient. Over the centuries and through dynasties, the manufacturing technology of this art-craft was strictly confined to locksmiths who were base in their social status; so even there were a good number of very delicate ones been created, the authors were mostly not acknowledgeable because their names were never mentioned. Ancient Chinese locks are treasures of the Chinese civil culture, but for their hardly noticeable nature, very few curio collectors set their eyes on locks, and very few scholars focused their study on locks. When one was trying to open treasure boxes, closets, or buildings, he normally destroyed the locks to get the items inside. He had no sense that these shaggy locks have the value of preservation and research. He realized nothing about the beauty and historical meaning of these rusted metal pieces. In such a consequence, ancient Chinese locks have been drifting in the current of time unnoticed and the amount of ancient Chinese locks is getting fewer in a quicker speed. As a result, very few good ancient Chinese locks have been cared in good environment.

Ancient Chinese locks are mechanical padlocks, mostly key-operated bronze locks with splitting springs and partially keyless letter combination locks. The major features of ancient locks are the types of locks, the shapes of locks, the engravings of locks, the materials of locks, and the structure of locks. And, the character-istics of the splitting spring locks are the configuration of the splitting springs, the shape of key-heads and the number of keys, the location and shape of keyholes, and the opening of locks. Typical ancient Chinese locks are splitting spring locks opened by keys. The lock body and the sliding bolt are mostly made of bronze or iron and several splitting springs are attached to the sliding bolt. Once the key is inserted, the splitting springs are squeezed down and the sliding bolt could be released from the lock body.

Compared with western locks, the major charac-teristics of ancient Chinese locks are: some designs are not easy to insert the keys into the keyholes, and some designs are even not easy to find the keyholes.

This book systematically introduces the development and characteristics of ancient Chinese locks based on author’s collection and research, together with the established “Web-site Museum of Ancient Chinese Locks”, in the past years. The author wishes to share his duty to fill in the historical and cultural gaps regarding ancient Chinese locks, and most of all to provide the readers a glimpse at the beauty of ancient Chinese locks.