英语语言学实践教程

Chapter 1  Introduction
  1.1  Language
    1.1.1  What is language?
    1.1.2  Design features of language
    1.1.3  The functions of language
  1.2  Linguistics
    1.2.1  Definition of linguistics
    1.2.2  Short history of modem linguistics
    1.2.3  Main branches of linguistics
    1.2.4  Why should we study linguistics?
  1.3  Some important distinctions in linguistics
    1.3.1  Descriptive approach vs. prescriptive approach
    1.3.2  Synchronic vs. diachronic
    1.3.3  Langue vs. parole
    1.3.4  Competence vs. performance
    1.3.5  Linguistic potential vs. linguistic behavior
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 2  Schools of Modern Linguistics and Modern Linquists
  2.1  Historical linguistics
  2.2  Structuralism
    2.2.1  F. de Saussure's Theories
    2.2.2 Halliday and Systemic Functional Grammar
  2.3  Generativism
    2.3.1  Generative linguistics
    2.3.2  Chomsky's theory
  2.4  Other linguistic theories in late half of the 20th century
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 3  Speech Sounds
  3.1  Basic concepts and definitions
    3.1.1  Speech organs
    3.1.2  Phonetics vs. phonology
  3.2  IPA
  3.3  Segment
    3.3.1  Phone, phoneme and allophone
    3.3.2  Consonants
    3.3.3  Vowels
  3.4  Phonology
    3.4.1  Coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions
    3.4.2  Phonological process and phonological rules
    3.4.3  Suprasegmental features
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 4  Morphology
  4.1  What is morphology?
  4.2  Word, lexeme, lexicon and vocabulary
    4.2.1  "Three senses of "Word"
    4.2.2  Classification of "Word"
    4.2.3  Internal structure of "Word"
  4.3  Inflection and word formation
    4.3.1  Inflection
    4.3.2  Word formation
  4.4  Semantic change
  4.5  Orthographic change
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 5 Syntax
  5.1  What is syntax ?
  5.2  The traditional approach
    5.2.1  Number
    5.2.2  Gender
    5.2.3  Case
    5.2.4  Countability
    5.2.5  Tense and aspect
    5.2.6  Voice
    5.2.7  Mood
    5.2.8  Person
    5.2.9  Concord and government
  5.3  The structural approach
    5.3.1  Syntagmatic relation
    5.3.2  Paradigmatic relation
    5.3.3  Relation of co-occurrence
    5.3.4  Immediate constituent analysis
    5.3.5  Endocentric construction and exocentric construction
  5.4  The generative grammar
    5.4.1  Classical theory
    5.4.2  The standard theory
    5.4.3  The summary of TG grammar
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 6 Semantics
  6.1  What is semantics?
  6.2  Approaches to meaning
    6.2.1  The Referential Theory
    6.2.2  The semantic triangle theory
  6.3  Word meaning
    6.3.l  Sense and reference
    6.3.2  Types of meanings
    6.3.3  Semantic relations between words
    6.3.4  Componential analysis
  6.4  Sentence meaning
    6.4.1  An integrated theory
    6.4.2  Semantic relations between sentences
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 7  Pragmatics
  7.1  Some basic notions
    7.1.1  What is pragmatics?
    7.1.2  Pragmatics and semantics
    7.1.3  Context
    7.1.4  Sentence meaning and utterance meaning
  7.2  Speech act theory
    7.2.1  Performatives and constatives
    7.2.2  A theory of the illocutionary act
    7.2.3  Indirect speech act
  7.3  The theory of conversational implicature
    7.3.1  The cooperative principle and its maxims
    7.3.2  Violation of the maxims
  7.4  The politeness principle and irony
  7.5  Neo-Gricean conversationalimplicature theory
    7.5.1  Relevance theory
    7.5.2  The Q- and R-principles
    7.5.3  The Q-, I- and M-principles
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 8  Psycholinguistics
  8.1  Language acquisition
    8.1.1  First language acquisition
    8.1.2 Second language acquisition
  8.2  Language comprehension
    8.2.1  Sound comprehension
    8.2.2  Word comprehension
    8.2.3  Sentence comprehension
    8.2.4  Text comprehension
  8.3  Language production
    8.3.1  Articulation stage
    8.3.2  Self-monitoring stage
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 9  Language, Culture and Society
  9.1  Language and culture
    9.1.1  What is culture?
    9.1.2  The relationship between language and culture
    9.1.3  Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
    9.1.4  Linguistic evidence of cultural differences
    9.1.5  Intercultural communication
  9.2  Language and society
    9.2.1  The relationship between language and society
    9.2.2  What is sociolinguistics?
    9.2.3  Varieties of English
  Exercises
  References
Chapter 10 Applied Linguistics
  10.1  Introduction
  10.2  Theories of foreign language teaching
    10.2.1  The grammar-translation method
    10.2.2  The direct method
    10.2.3  The audiolingual method
    10.2.4  Cognitive approach
    10.2.5  Communicative language teaching
  10.3  Syllabus design
    10.3.1  Curriculum and syllabus
    10.3.2  Types of syllabus
    10.3.3  Rules for syllabus design
  10.4  Contrastive analysis and error analysis
  10.5  Testing
    10.5.1  Types of language tests
    10.5.2  Qualities of good language tests
  Exercises
  References
Glossary and Index