哈萨克斯坦共和国林业发展和森林管理实践报告(英文版)/大中亚区域林业发展报告丛书

本书为中国林业出版社2017年5月正式出版的《哈萨克斯坦共和国林业发展报告》的英文版。该书介绍了哈萨克斯坦林业立法、政策、中长期发展规划、林业管理现状、发展需求、制约因素、发展趋势、国际林业合作开展情况，提出中国与该经济体开展林业合作的领域、方式及活动建议；分析总结该经济体在荒漠化防治、森林火灾防控、森林病虫害防治、生物多样性保护、退化土地恢复、森林资源综合开发利用等方面的佳实践。该书专家来自哈萨克斯坦农业部，书中数据详实可靠，弥补了目前一路一带沿线国家林业资源及管理情况信息空白，势必为推进一路一带林业合作规划提供重要信息支撑。

Foreword
Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Current state of forests and forestry
1．1 General informatioof the economy
1．2 Current situatioof forest resources
1．3 Land use status
1．4 Afforestatioand reforestation
1．5 Urbaforestry
1．6 Community-based forestry
1．7 Production， consumptioand trade of forest products

Chapter 2 Contributioof forests to economic development
2．1 Economic and environmental significance of forests and woodlands
2．2 Financing and investment iforests and forestry
2．3 Forests， livelihoods and poverty

Chapter 3 Forestry policy and legislation
3．1 Forest policy and institutional framework
3．2 Short-term and long-term planning for forestry development
3．3 The history and future of forestry development

Chapter 4 Best practices for sustainable forest management
4．1 Soil and water conservation
4．2 Desertificatiocontrol
4．3 Protectioand restoratioof degraded agricultural land
4．4 Salinizatiocontrol
4．5 Forest fires and pest control
4．6 Biodiversity conservation
4．7 Rehabilitatioof degraded forests
4．8 Comprehensive utilizatioof forest resources and non-timber forest products

Chapter 5 Forestry educatioand research
5．1 Forestry education
5．2 Technical capacity of forestry agencies
5．3 Capacity-building， informatiosystems and research institutions osustainable land management

Chapter 6 Forestry projects and initiatives
Chapter 7 International forestry cooperatiomechanisms
References
Acknowledgements

Siberialarch （Larix sibirica）， Cedar （Pinus sibirica）， juniper （arsha） Zeravsha（Juniperus serawschanica）； deciduous-downy birch （Betula pubescens） and hung （Betula pendula） （all more tha14 species）， aspe（Populus tremula）， black alder （Alnus glutinosa）， black poplar （Populus nigra）， lavrolistny （Populus laurifolia）， etc. （just more tha16 species）， turanga heterophyllous （Populus diversifolia）， willow aquifolium （Salix acutifolia）； hardwood – English oak （Quercus robur）， elm （Ulmus laevis）， peristovetvisty elm （Ulmus pinnato-ramosa），oleaster （Elaeagnus angustifolia）； saxaul black （Haloxyloaphyllum）， saxaul white （Haloxylopersicum）； shrubs – juniper Siberia（Juniperus sibirica）， juniperus Sabina （Juniperus sabina），meadowsweet aquifolium （Spiraea acutifolia）， willow aquifolium （Salix acutifolia）， white willow （Salix alba）， willow Siberia（Salix sibirica）， willow Junggar （Salix songarica）， wild rose （Rosa canina） （more tha20 species）， Siberiapea shrub （Caragana arborescens）， and species ithe deserts – Calligonum （Calligonum）， tamarisk （Tamarix）， ching silver （Halimodendrohalodendron） and sand acacia （Ammodendroargenteum）.Total timber reserves of the maiforest-forming species ithe economy is 412，250，000 m3.The largest stock of wood is pine stands accounting for 61.9% （255，230，000 m3， including 108，030，000 m3 pine ）， deciduous occupies 33.7% （138，760，000 m3， including 88，330，000 m3 birch ） and Saxaul share does not exceed 3.6% （the average stock of wood is 2.4 m3 per 1 ha）.Due to the extremely unevespread of forests othe territory of the economy， the maisupplies of wood accounting for 83.1% （342，600，000 m3） are concentrated ithe mountaiforests and the forest-steppe zone ithe south-east， east and north of the economy.Forests of the economy are strongly influenced by forest fires， forest pests， diseases and illegal logging.Over the past 10 years， the territory of the SFF was about 6，000 ha. The wildfires which have takeplace iaarea of 119，000 ha have influenced 233，000 ha of forest land， and the damages from the fires amounted to 2.8 billioKZT tenge over the period.I2015， the territory of the SFF of Kazakhstaregistered 476 cases of forest fires iaarea of 9，600 ha. The damage from the forest fires amounted to 119 millioKZT tenge. Iparisowith 2010， i2015， the number of fires decreased by 26%， and the area and the damage caused by the forest fires declined by 17% and 65%.60 percent of the forest fires is caused by anthropogenic factors， and 40 percent by natural factors. Major anthropogenic factors refer to uncontrollable， agricultural burns， and natural factors generally refer to “dry” storms， from which the most affected are the relic tape of lrtysh pine forests.Outbreaks of forest pests at the beginning of 2016 were recorded iaarea of 180，000 ha.The maiof them were ieast Kazakhsta（53%）， Pavlodar （16%） and Almaty （10%）. Fight with dangerous centers of pests and diseases is carried by forestry organizations annually.Significant damage to forestry is caused by illegal logging. According to the economy forest owners， over the past 10 years， the wood from illegal logging was cut dowmore tha400，000 m3， with the damage amounting to 1.6 billioKZT tenge. A portioof the damages has beerecovered icourt.1.3 Land use statusForest Fund of the Republic of Kazakhstaconsists of public and private forest funds. The SFF consists of：
● The forests of natural and artificial origi（including forest and non-forest lands） olands of Specially Protected Natural Territories （SPNT）.
●The forests of natural and artificial origin， which are not covered with forest vegetatioof land and provided for the needs of forestry olands of the SFF.
● The protective plantings orailways and roads of international and republicasignificance， canals， maipipelines and other line structures of temeters iwidth and over aarea of over 0.05 ha.The Republic of Kazakhstahas a two-tier system of forest management of the SFF： the republica（national） level and the local （regional） level.At the national level， the forests are managed by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstathrough its authorized central executive body – the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Direct control， economy control and supervisioof the forests throughout the state are carried out by a specialized republicabody – the Committee of Forestry and Wildlife， which is a part of the Ministry of Agriculture and its territorial departments. All the issues of land use of the SFF are withithe petence of national authorities.At the regional level， control is executed by the local executive bodies – regional Akimats through their subordinate management of natural resources and environmental management and forestry institutions.To date， 78% of the SFF is reserved for the executive bodies of the regions， 21% （mainly， it is SPNA） is managed by the Committee of Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhsta（CFW of the MoA of the RoK）， and about 1% is under the jurisdictioof other ministries and departments.
The maitask of government agencies and forestry organizations ithe economy is to ensure
increasing the resource and ecological potential of forests through the implementatioof the system of science-based logging， reforestation， improvement of their species position，establishment and effective use of permanent seed oselectioand geic basis，reclamation， forest tending （including thinning and sanitary cutting）， the constructioof
roads for forestry purposes， preventioof forest fires and the foci of pests and diseases and other forestry activities.