新托福110必备词汇

《新托福110必备词汇》的特点在词汇的精准性。全书的词汇全部取自真题，能够完全覆盖新托福考试真题题库。作者在编排过程中，摒弃了不常考词汇，形成了“必备词汇”。在词汇学习过程中，按照已经考过的真题文章排列，结合场景，提高了词汇学习的趣味性，并提高了跟真题结合的紧密程度。书中讲解结合真题，例句亦全部来自真实的托福考试，可以提高对单词的理解。

《新托福110必备词汇》完全按照TPO顺序编排，考生可以根据目录寻找自己所需要对照的TPO真题。在每套真题下面是文章的题目，便于考生查找。单词的释义是结合阅读文章的含义给出的，参考TOEFL官方指定的《韦氏大学词典》(Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary)以及《美国传统字典》(American Heritage Dictionary)，旨在帮助考生攻克托福考试的同时，养成英文思维的习惯。英文释义中加粗和画横线的部分为该词的核心意思或者考法，也是该词在托福考试里经常出现的词汇题答案所在，为考生重点掌握的内容。近义词一般为新托福考查的词汇题目，参照历年托福真题出现的频率，也是考生应该重点掌握的内容。单词为对应的TPO文章或者题目出现的词汇，从A到Z排序，方便考生查找，个别词汇可能会和别的TPO出现的词汇重复，这是因为考虑到考生可能是*选择TPO进行训练，每一套TPO词汇为独立的。

维C上校，环球雅思学校TRC（教学研究中心）成员，GRE、托福等出国考试名师。全国高校巡回讲座主讲人，获得集团公司2013年*教师金奖。教授出众多托福、GRE高分学生。

TPO 1 
Groundwater 
The Origin of the Theater 
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
TPO 2 
The Origins of Cetaceans 
Desert Formation
Early Cinema 
TPO 3 
Architecture 
Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 
The Long-term Stability of Ecosystems 
TPO 4 
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 
Cave Art in Europe
Petroleum Resources 
TPO 5 
Minerals and Plants 
The Origin of the Pacific Island People
The Cambrian Explosion
TPO 6 
Powering the Industrial Revolution
William Smith 
Infantile Amnesia 
TPO 7 
The Geologic History of the Mediterranean 
Ancient Rome and Greece 
Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples 
TPO 8 
The Rise of Teotihuacán 
Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Running Water on Mars 
TPO 9 
Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast 
Reflection in Teaching 
The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 
TPO 10 
Chinese Pottery 
Variations in the Climate 
Seventeenth-century European Economic Growth 
TPO 11 
Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 
Orientation and Navigation
Begging by Nestlings 
TPO 12 
Which Hand Did They Use? 
Transition to Sound in Films 
Water in the Desert 
TPO 13 
Types of Social Groups 
Biological Clocks 
Methods of Studying Infant Perception
TPO 14 
Children and Advertising 
Maya Water Problems 
Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia 
TPO 15 
A Warm-blooded Turtle 
Mass Extinctions 
Glacier Formation 
TPO 16 
Trade and the Ancient Middle East 
Development of the Periodic Table
Planets in Our Solar System 
TPO 17 
Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 
Animal Signals in the Rain Forest 
Symbiotic Relationships 
TPO 18 
Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia 
The Mystery of Yawning 
Lightning 
TPO 19 
The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain 
Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems 
Discovering the Ice Ages 
TPO 20 
Westward Migration 
Early Settlements in Southwest Asia 
Fossil Preservation 
TPO 21 
Geothermal Energy 
The Origins of Agriculture 
Autobiographical Memory 
TPO 22 
Spartina 
The Birth of Photography 
The Allende Meteorite 
TPO 23 
Urban Climates 
Seventeenth-century Dutch Agriculture 
Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines 
TPO 24 
Lake Water 
Breathing During Sleep 
Moving into Pueblos 
TPO 25 
The Surface of Mars 
The Decline of Venetian Shipping 
The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 
TPO 26 
Energy and the Industrial Revolution 
Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions
Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East 
TPO 27 
Crafts in the Ancient Near East 
The Formation of Volcanic Islands 
Predator-prey Cycles 
TPO 28 
Groundwater 
Early Saharan Pastoralists
Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 
TPO 29 
Characteristics of Roman Pottery
Competition 
The History of Waterpower 
TPO 30 
Role of Play in Development 
The Pace of Evolutionary Change 
The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

维c上校老师是托福、gre词汇、阅读名师，每年教授出众多哈佛、斯坦福、剑桥、牛津大学等许多世界名校学生。维c上校老师除了本身对考试规律有比较深刻的了解之外，对于记忆理论也颇有心得。这本《新托福110必备词汇》是帮助托福考生在*快的时间里，掌握托福考试真题中反复出现的核心必考词汇的秘籍。——南京日报

托福作为一个语言考试，本身不会像GRE或者SAT那样，过于注重考查逻辑。比如说现在的GRE或者SAT考试，和托福一样，也有词汇题目，但题目中考查的词汇往往不会是选项里表面的同义词的意思，而需要通过推理得出。但托福就不同，作为一个语言考试，大多数情况下，词汇题目，甚至其他的题目，都可以通过词汇直接的同义词或者英文释义得出答案。而在新托福阅读中，词汇题目所占的比例非常高，词汇题目的正确与否直接关系到考生的托福成绩。这也是笔者在编写本书时特别强调同义词的地位的原因。
这里笔者将随机抽取一些新托福真题的题目来说明：
阅读真题文章（节选）：The most widely-accepted theory, championedby anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.
例题1：The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to   .
A. changed 
B. debated 
C. created 
D. supported
分析：这道题问championed在文章里和哪一个单词意思最接近。一般来说，考生背诵的champion的意思是“冠军”，但在这里，champion为动词，而且根据文章的意思，应该选D。但考生如果在备考期间，背的词汇书是根据考试考点出发，那么应该给出该词的同义词support，而不是仅仅让考生去背“冠军；支持”这些中文释义。因此，本书在编写的时候，尤其注重结合新托福考试的本质，提供常考词汇的同义词。事实上，背下一个词汇的中文释义基本可以说不是在学英语这个语言本身，而是在学习翻译。 该题答案是supported。
本书给出的释义如下：
champion [‘tS&mpIJn]v. 支持，拥护to act as militant supporterof; uphold; advocate
【近】back, endorse, support
因此，在备考期间，如果考生注重背了书中给出该词的英文释义的近义词部分，即可快速选出正确答案。
阅读真题文章（节选）：Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributesboth desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.
例题2：The word “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to   .
A. ascribes 
B. leaves 
C. limits 
D. contrasts
该题答案是第一个ascribes。本书给出的释义如下：
attribute [J’trIbju:t] v. 归于，属于to relate to a particular cause or source；ascribe
【近】accredit, ascribe
因此，在备考期间，如果考生注重背了书中给出该词的英文释义的加粗并且有下划线的部分，
即可快速选出正确答案。
阅读真题文章（节选）：But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchantfor fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.
例题3：The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to   . 
A. compromise 
B. inclination 
C. tradition 
D. respect
该题答案是第二个inclination。本书给出的释义如下：
penchant [‘pentSJnt] n. 倾向，嗜好a definite liking; a strong inclination
【近】 proclivity, propensity, tendency
因此，在备考期间，如果考生注重背了书中给出的该词英文释义的加粗并且有下划线的部分，
即可快速选出正确答案。认真阅读本书的考生应该不难发现，基本上所有的TPO阅读词汇题目都可以通过本书的英文释义中加粗并且画横线部分（该词的考点）或者同义词快速得出答案。那么该书是否可以同样快速解决其他题目？答案是肯定的！
1. EXCEPT题目
阅读真题文章（节选）：In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of the theater, scholars have also theorized about the motivesthat led people to develop the theater. Why did the theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. 
Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confrontthem, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.
All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop the theater EXCEPT: 
A. The theater allows people to face what they are afraid of. 
B. The theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality. 
C. The theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people. 
D. The theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.
分析：该题问在第5段中提到的可能导致社会去发展theater的reasons是什么？
注意题目reasons that led societies to develop theater等于文章里面的 motivesthat led people to develop theater。因此，定位到文章相对应的地方，即可知道第一个motive应该是关键词imitative；第二个motive的关键词应该是fantasy。但如果考生在备考新托福期间，背fantasy的释义为“幻想”，基本对做题是没有太大的帮助的，考生应该清楚fantasy的释义为an imaginedevent or sequence of mental images，那么就可以快速地识别选项The theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality中的imagine对应文章里面的fantasy，即可快速排除该选项。
同理，第一个选项The theater allows people to face what they are afraid of中的face，afraid of对应文章中的confront以及fears。这时候考生应该清楚笔者编著本书时，对于confront一词，为何用心良苦地给出释义to face; to meet, face-to-face encounter，并且加粗突出face一词。
2. 因果题目
阅读真题文章(节选) On the other hand, air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow. Rainfall is also increased in cities. The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface. 
According to Paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments? 
A. the high speed of the winds traveling above cities 
B. the greater rainfall totals recorded in cities
C. attempts to reduce urban air pollution 
D. the effects of tall buildings on airflow
分析：通过题目关键词air turbulence定位和factor得知，题目考查原因，因此答案应该是the effect of skyscrapers。本书给出的意思如下：skyscraper：n. 摩天大楼a very tall building。 需要提醒的是，并非是笔者故意根据考题而杜撰skyscraper一词的英文释义为a very tall building ，而是该词在笔者选择的字典里就是这个意思。这样说只是想提醒广大考生，备考期间多看词汇的英文释义很重要，而选择一本正确的词汇书更加重要！
3. 修辞目的题目
阅读真题文章（节选）The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material；this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
What is the main purpose of Paragraph 7? 
A. To explain why water can flow through rock. 
B. To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock. 
C. To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable. 
D. To distinguish between two related properties of rock.
分析：根据题目问第7段的写作目的。通过文章里的第2句But note that porosity is not the same as permeability…出现转折知道该句为这段的主题句，也就是答案所在。该句说porosity和permeability并不是一码事。因此可以知道答案是去区别porosity 和permeability。但如果考生按照传统的备考方式，背下porosity和permeability的中文释义分别为“多孔性”和“渗透性”，基本对考试没有任何帮助，而要清楚porosity为岩石多孔的一种特性(property)，英文释义为the state or propertyof being porous，而permeability也是岩石的渗透性的一种特性(property)，英文释义为the propertyor condition of being permeable，那么不难得出该题答案为最后一个：To distinguish between two related properties of rock。
由于篇幅的问题，这里仅仅提到上面几个例子。事实上，除了上面提到的几种题型，其他考试中基本任何一种题型都可以通过本书达到快速的解题目的。当然，除了可以帮助考生做题外，本书由于是笔者结合自己多年对新托福TPO的熟悉，每一个词汇释义都是基于相应的TPO真题中的精确释义，因此，考生在面对文章某些熟词僻义时，也可以通过本书得到解决，而不是产生误解。例如：
例1：阅读真题文章（节选）One, set forthby Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. 
Another, advancedin the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.
分析：在该篇文章里，advanced并非是考生平时熟悉的“先进的”的意思，而是动词“提出”的意思，相当于propose或者set forth，考生此时应该清楚，为何该书的释义要给出set forth并且加粗和画横线，因为在文章前一句中也出现了set forth。而熟悉国外的文章的同学应该都清楚，在表达同一个意思或者概念时，作者一般是会强调词汇的多样性的，如果考生在备考时，背一个词汇的时候，熟悉该词的同义词和英文释义，即可做到既可以帮忙理解文章上下文之间的联系，也可以帮助考生准备写作，做到一举多得。
该书中给出的释义：
advance[Jd’v&ns] v. 提出to bring forwardfor consideration, or acceptance; propose; set forth
例2：阅读真题文章（节选）Under this theory, relatingand listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures.
分析：在该篇文章里，relating并非是考生平时熟悉的“相关的”的意思，而是动词“说”的意思，相当于tell，考生此时应该清楚，为何该书的释义要给出relating并且加粗和画横线: relate v. 叙述，说to give an account of; tell。
总之，本书给出的释义和近义词都是笔者从多年的考试实战经验和一线的教学研究出发而选取和编著的，每一个词的选择，每一个释义、每一个考点意思的加粗和画横线都是根据考生最需要、最迫切和最实用出发编写。希望考生早日获得高分，踏入美利坚的梦想大学。