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开 本: 16开纸 张: 胶版纸包 装: 平装-胶订是否套装: 否国际标准书号ISBN: 9787302490876
1Fundamentals of Mathematics and Physics
1.1Calculus
1.1.1Differential and Derivative
1.1.2Integral
1.1.3Laplace Operator
1.2Units
1.2.1Unit Systems
1.2.2Conversion of Units
1.2.3Graphics of Physical Quantity
Exercises
2Thermodynamics
2.1Thermodynamic Properties
2.2Energy
2.2.1Heat and Work
2.2.2Energy and Power
2.3System and Process
2.4Phase Change
2.5Property Diagrams
2.5.1PressureTemperature (pT) Diagram
2.5.2PressureSpecific Volume (pv) Diagram
2.5.3PressureEnthalpy (ph) Diagram
2.5.4EnthalpyTemperature (hT) Diagram
2.5.5TemperatureEntropy (Ts) Diagram
2.5.6EnthalpyEntropy (hs)Diagram or
Mollier Diagram
2.6The First Law of Thermodynamics
2.6.1Rankine Cycle
2.6.2Utilization of the First Law of
Thermodynamics in
Nuclear Power Plant
2.7The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.7.1Entropy
2.7.2Carnots Principle
2.8Power Plant Components
2.8.1Turbine Efficiency
2.8.2Pump efficiency
2.8.3Ideal and Real Cycle
2.9Ideal Gas Law
Exercises
3Heat Transfer
3.1Heat Transfer Terminology
3.2Heat Conduction
3.2.1Fouriers Law of Conduction.
3.2.2Rectangular
3.2.3Equivalent Resistance
3.2.4Cylindrical
3.3Convective Heat Transfer
3.3.1Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.3.2Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.4Radiant Heat Transfer
3.4.1Thermal Radiation
3.4.2Black Body Radiation
3.4.3Radiation Configuration Factor
3.5Heat Exchangers
3.6Boiling Heat Transfer
3.6.1Flow Boiling
3.6.2Departure from Nucleate Boiling and
Critical Heat Flux
3.7Heat Generation
3.7.1Total Power of Reactor Core
3.7.2Flatten of Power
3.7.3Hot Channel Factor
3.7.4Decay Heat
Exercises
4Fluid Flow
4.1Continuity Equation
4.2Laminar and Turbulent Flow
4.2.1Reynolds Number and Hydraulic Diameter
4.2.2Flow Velocity Profiles
4.2.3Average (Bulk) Velocity
4.2.4Viscosity
4.3Bernoullis Equation
4.3.1Venturi Meter
4.3.2Extended Bernoullis Equation
4.4Head Loss
4.4.1Frictional Loss
4.4.2Minor Losses
4.5Natural Circulation
4.5.1Thermal Driving Head
4.5.2Conditions Required for Natural
Circulation
4.6TwoPhase Fluid Flow
4.6.1TwoPhase Friction
Multiplier
4.6.2Flow Patterns
4.6.3Flow Instability
4.7Some Specific Phenomenon
4.7.1Pipe Whip
4.7.2Water Hammer and Steam Hammer
Exercises
5Electrical Science
5.1Basic Electrical Theory
5.1.1The Atom
5.1.2Electrostatic Force
5.1.3Coulombs Law of
Electrostatic Charges
5.2Electrical Terminology
5.3Ohms Law
5.4Methods of Producing Voltage (Electricity)
5.4.1Electrochemistry
5.4.2Static Electricity
5.4.3Magnetic Induction
5.4.4Piezoelectric Effect
5.4.5Thermoelectricity
5.4.6Photoelectric Effect
5.4.7Thermionic Emission
5.5Magnetism
5.5.1Magnetic Flux
5.5.2Electromagnetism
5.5.3Magnetomotive Force
5.5.4Magnetic Field Intensity
5.5.5Permeability and Reluctance
5.5.6Magnetic Circuits
5.5.7BH Magnetization Curve
5.5.8Magnetic Induction
5.5.9Faradays Law of Induced
Voltage
5.6DC Theory
5.6.1DC Sources
5.6.2Resistance and Resistivity
5.6.3Kirchhoffs Law
5.6.4Inductors
5.6.5Capacitor
5.6.6DC Generators
5.6.7DC Motors
5.7Alternating Current
5.7.1Development of a SineWave Output
5.7.2Basic AC Reactive Components
5.7.3AC Power
5.7.4ThreePhase Circuits
5.7.5AC Generator
5.7.6AC Motor
5.7.7Transformer
Exercises
6Instrumentation and Control
6.1Temperature Detect
6.1.1Resistance Temperature Detector
6.1.2Thermocouple
6.1.3Temperature Detection Circuitry
6.2Pressure Detector
6.2.1BellowsType Detectors
6.2.2Bourdon TubeType
Detectors
6.2.3ResistanceType
Transducers
6.3Level Detector
6.3.1Gauge Glass
6.3.2Ball Float
6.3.3Conductivity Probe
6.3.4Differential Pressure Level Detectors
6.4Flow Measurement
6.4.1Venturi Flow Meter
6.4.2Pitot Tube
6.4.3Rotameter
6.4.4Steam Flow Measurement
6.5Position Measurement
6.5.1Synchro Equipment
6.5.2Limit Switch
6.5.3Reed Switch
6.5.4Potentiometer
6.5.5Linear Variable Differential
Transformer
6.6Radioactivity Measurement
6.6.1Radiation Type
6.6.2Gas Ionization Detector
6.6.3Proportional Counter
6.6.4Ionization Chamber
6.6.5GeigerMiller Counter
6.6.6Scintillation Counter
6.6.7Gamma Spectroscopy
6.6.8Miscellaneous Detectors
6.6.9Circuitry and Circuit Elements
6.6.10Detect of Neutron Flux in Reactor
6.6.11Nuclear Power Measurement
6.7Principles of Process Control
6.7.1Control Loop Diagrams
6.7.2Two Position Control Systems
6.7.3Proportional Control
6.7.4Integral Control Systems
6.7.5Proportional Plus Integral Control
Systems
6.7.6Proportional Plus Derivative Control
Systems
6.7.7ProportionalIntegralDerivative
Control Systems
6.7.8Controllers and Valve Actuators
Exercises
7Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
7.1Chemical Basis
7.1.1The Atom Structure
7.1.2Chemical Elements and Molecules
7.1.3Avogadros Number
7.1.4The Periodic Table
7.2Chemical Bonding
7.2.1Ionic Bond
7.2.2Covalent Bonds
7.2.3Metallic Bonds
7.2.4Van der Waals Forces
7.2.5Hydrogen Bond
7.3Organic Chemistry
7.4Chemical Equations
7.4.1Le Chateliers Principle
7.4.2Concentrations of Solutions
7.4.3Chemical Equations
7.5Acids, Bases, Salts and pH
7.6Corrosion
7.6.1Corrosion Theory
7.6.2General Corrosion
7.6.3Crud and Galvanic Corrosion
7.6.4Specialized Corrosion
7.7Water Chemistry of Reactor
7.7.1Chemistry Parameters of Reactor
7.7.2Water Treatment
7.7.3Dissolved Gases and Suspended Solids
7.7.4Water Purity
7.7.5Radiation Chemistry of Water
7.8Extraction and Refinement of Uranium
7.8.1Leaching of Uranium
7.8.2Extraction of Uranium
7.8.3Refining of Uranium
7.9Chemical Conversion of Uranium
7.9.1Preparation of Uranium Dioxide
7.9.2Preparation of UF4
7.9.3Preparation of UF6
7.9.4Preparation of Metallic Uranium
Exercises
8Material Science
8.1Structure of Metal
8.1.1Types of Crystal
8.1.2Grain Structure and Boundary
8.1.3Polymorphism
8.1.4Alloy
8.1.5Imperfections in Metals
8.2Properties of Metal
8.2.1Stress and Strain
8.2.2Hookes Law
8.2.3Relationship between Stress and Strain
8.2.4Physical Properties of Material
8.3Heat Treatment of Metal
8.4Hydrogen Embrittlement and Irradiation
Effect
8.5Thermal Stress
8.6Brittle Fracture
8.6.1Brittle Fracture Mechanism
8.6.2NilDuctility Transition
Temperature
8.7Materials in Nuclear Reactor
8.7.1Nuclear Fuel
8.7.2Structure Materials
8.7.3Coolant
8.7.4Moderator
Exercises
9Mechanical Science
9.1Diesel Engine
9.1.1Major Components of a Diesel Engine
9.1.2Diesel Engine Support Systems
9.1.3Principle of Diesel Engine
9.2Heat Exchanger
9.3Pump
9.3.1Centrifugal Pump
9.3.2Positive Displacement Pump
9.3.3Coolant Pump for Pressurized Water
Reactor Nuclear
Power Plant
9.4Valve
9.4.1Valve Type
9.4.2Basic Structure of Valve
9.4.3Typical Valves
9.4.4Pressure Relief Valve and Safety Valve
9.5Miscellaneous Mechanical Components
9.5.1Air Compressor
9.5.2Hydraulic Press
9.5.3Evaporator
9.5.4Steam Generator
9.5.5Cooling Tower
9.5.6Pressurizers
9.5.7Diffusion Separator
Exercises
10Nuclear Physics
10.1Atomic Nucleus
10.1.1Atomic Number and Mass Number
10.1.2Isotope
10.1.3Chart of Nuclides
10.2Mass Defect and Binding Energy
10.2.1Mass Loss
10.2.2Binding Energy
10.2.3Energy Level Theory
10.3Radioactive Decay
10.3.1Discovery of Radioactive Decay
10.3.2Category Decay
10.3.3Decay Chain
10.3.4HalfLife
10.3.5Radioactivity
10.3.6Radioactive Equilibrium
10.4Neutron Interactions with Matter
10.4.1Scattering Process
10.4.2Thermal Neutron
10.4.3Radiative Capture Effect
10.4.4Particle Emission
10.4.5Fission
10.5Nuclear Fission
10.5.1The Liquid Drop Model of Nuclear
Fission
10.5.2Fissile Material
10.5.3Specific Binding Energy
10.5.4The Energy Released from Nuclear
Fission
Exercises
11Reactor Theory
11.1Neutron Source
11.1.1Natural Neutron Source
11.1.2Artificial Neutron Source
11.1.3PWR Neutron Source Assembly
11.2Nuclear Cross Section
11.2.1Neutron Reaction Cross Section
11.2.2Mean Free Path
11.2.3Temperature Effects Cross Section
11.3Neutron Flux
11.3.1Ficks Law
11.3.2Neutron Diffusion Equation
11.3.3SelfShielding
11.4Reactor Power
11.4.1Fission Rate
11.4.2Volumetric Heat Release Rate
11.4.3Nuclear Power of Reactor Core
11.5Neutron Moderation
11.5.1Neutron Slowing
11.5.2The Release of Fission Neutron
11.5.3Neutron Generation Time
11.5.4Neutron Energy Spectrum
11.5.5Fermi Age Model
11.5.6Most Probable Neutron Velocities
11.6Neutron Life Cycle and Critical
11.6.1Multiplication Factor
11.6.2Four Factor Formula
11.6.3Effective Multiplication Factor
11.6.4Critical Size
11.6.5Criticality Calculation
11.7Reactivity
11.7.1Reactivity Coefficient
11.7.2Temperature Reactivity Coefficient
11.7.3Pressure Coefficient
11.7.4Void Coefficient
11.7.5Power Coefficient
11.8Neutron Poisons
11.8.1Burnable Poisons
11.8.2Soluble Poisons
11.8.3Control Rods
11.8.4Xenon
11.8.5Samarium
11.9Subcritical Multiplication
11.9.1Subcritical Multiplication Factor
11.9.2Effect of Reactivity Changes on
Subcritical Multiplication
11.9.3Use of 1/M Plots
11.10Reactor Kinetics
11.10.1Reactor Kinetics Equations
11.10.2In Hour Equation
11.10.3Reactor Period
11.11Nuclear Power Plant Operation
11.11.1Startup of Reactor
11.11.2Startup of Nuclear Power Plant
11.11.3Nuclear Power Plant Shutdown
11.11.4Status of Nuclear Power Plant
11.12Isotope Separation
11.12.1SWU and Value Function
11.12.2Diffusion Method of Isotope
Separation
11.12.3HighSpeed Centrifugation
Method
11.12.4Laser Method
11.12.5Separation Nozzle
11.13Nuclear Fuel Cycle
11.13.1Cyclic Manner
11.13.2Key Aspects of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
11.13.3Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost
Exercises
12Radiation Protection
12.1Radiation Quantities and Units
12.1.1Describe the Amount of Radiation
Source and
Radiation Field
12.1.2Usual Quantities of Dosimetry
12.1.3Commonly Used Quantities in Radiation
Protection
12.2Basic Principles and Standards of
Radiation Protection
12.2.1The Basic Principles of Radiation
Protection
12.2.2Radiation Protection Standards
12.3Radiation Protection Methods
12.3.1Human Radiation Effects
12.3.2Deterministic Effects
12.3.3Random Effects
12.4Radiation Monitoring
12.5Evaluation of Radiation Protection
12.6Radiation Emergency
Exercises
Symbol Table
References
Nuclear engineering deals with quite a wide
scope of knowledge including mathematics, physics, chemistry, thermodynamics,
heat transfer, fluid flow, electricity, instrument and control, materials,
chemical engineering, mechanicals, nuclear physics, reactor theory and
radiation protection. Each of these fields has some fundamental principles
related to nuclear engineering. This textbook focuses on those fundamental
principles and makes them a whole system knowledge to understand nuclear
engineering.
Nuclear energy is a kind of clean, safety,
economical energy source and it is one of the best choices of future energy for
the whole world. It is especially suitable for China to develop nuclear energy
because of the environmental pressure caused by fossil fuel. Nuclear energy
provides about 15% of the electrical power of the whole world at present.
Although, there were some nuclear accidents in the history of nuclear industry,
advanced nuclear power plants are more and more safety, more and more
efficiency, and antinuclear proliferation. At present, the Chinese government is working
hard to adjust the structure of energy source. Nuclear energy, wind energy,
hydro energy and solar energy are developing very quickly. Based on the plan of
the government, the capacity of nuclear power plant in China will be 360 GWe,
240 GWe or 120 GWe according to different level of the development.
Based on these backgrounds, human resources
of nuclear engineering will be demanded continually. Nuclear engineering deals
with quite a wide scope of knowledge. For those who changed major to nuclear
engineering, it is a little bit of difficult to understand the whole system
knowledge in nuclear engineering field. Even for those who learn nuclear
engineering as major, it is necessary to learn all these materials on the point
view of systematic.
If the knowledge learned is not
comprehensive, it is definitely a hidden danger for nuclear safety. All persons
who want to work in the nuclear engineering field will be trained before
entering a nuclear power plant. This textbook is a kind of handbook because of
its simplicity, systematic and easy to understand. There are bunch of diagrams
and figures to understand those profound concepts without tedious derivation of
formulas.
The textbook is structured in twelve
chapters, beginning with the basic concepts of mathematics and physics, and
continuing in Chapter 2 with thermodynamics. Chapter 3 is concerned with heat
transfer. Chapter 4 discusses the principles of fluid flow. Electrical science
is introduced in Chapter 5. Instrumentation and control is discussed in Chapter
6. In Chapter 7, the fundamental principles in chemistry and chemical
engineering are presented. Chapter 8 is concerned with material science and
Chapter 9 with mechanical science. Nuclear physics and reactor theory will be
learned in Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 and radiation protection in the last.
In writing a book like this, I would like
to thank my parents and family, and my lovely colleagues in the Department of
Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University. I would like to give special
acknowledgement to all the students in the class of ITUEM 2017 for their
careful revision of the book.
Yu Jiyang
Tsinghua University
Beijing, August 2017
In engineering field, some practical problems cannot be adequately solved using arithmetic and algebra only. Advanced mathematical tools such as calculus and integral are needed to understand physical process used in nuclear engineering.1.1CalculusArithmetic involves the fixed values of numbers. Algebra involves both literal and arithmetic numbers,which still has fixed values in a given calculation although the literal numbers in algebraic problems can change during calculation.Here some examples are given. When a weight is dropped and allowed to fall freely, its velocity changes continually. The electric current in an alternating current circuit changes continually. Both of these quantities have a different value at successive instants of time. Physical systems that involve quantities that change continually are called dynamic systems. The solution of problems which involving dynamic systems often need different mathematical techniques from arithmetic and algebra. Calculus involves all the same mathematical techniques involved in arithmetic and algebra, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, equations, and functions, but it also involves several other techniques. These techniques are not difficult to understand because they can be developed using familiar physical systems, but they do involve new ideas and terminology.There are many dynamic systems encountered in nuclear engineering field. The decay of radioactive materials, the startup of a reactor, and the power change of a turbine generator all involve quantities change with time. An analysis of these dynamic systems involves calculus. Calculus is the most helpful tools to understand certain of the basic ideas and terminology which is involved in nuclear facility field, though detailed understanding of calculus is not required for the operational aspect.These ideas and terminology are encountered frequently, and a brief introduction to the basic ideas and terminology of the mathematics of dynamic systems is discussed in this chapter.1.1.1Differential and DerivativeIn mathematics, differential is a tool to describe the local characteristic of a function using linear techniques. Suppose a function is defined in a region. x0 and x0 Δx are two points (value) in this region. Then the incremental change of the function can be expressed as1:
Δy=f(x0 Δx)－f(x0)(11)
Using local linear technique, it can be expressed as:
Δy=A·Δx o(Δx)(12)
where, A is a constant number independent with Δx, o(Δx) is a higher order infinite small of Δx. We call the function y=f(x) is derivable near the point of x0 and A·Δx is called as the differential of the function y =f(x) at point x0 corresponding to Δx (the incremental change of argument x). It is denoted as dy. The incremental change of argument x is the differential of x. It is denoted as dx. So we get:
dy=Adx(13)
Here we use an example in physics to explain the concept of differential. One of the most commonly encountered mathematical applications of the dynamic system is the relationship of position and time of a moving object. Figure 11 represents an object moving in a straight line from position P1 to position P2. The distance to P1 from a fixed reference point, point O, along the line of travel is represented by S1; the distance to P2 from point O by S2.
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