医学英语文献阅读（二）

《高等院校新概念医学英语系列教材:医学英语文献阅读2》适合于大学英语提高阶段的教学使用，可供医学专业高年级、七年制、八年制和硕士研究生等医科学生作为课程用书，也可供广大医学工作者在临床和教学中作为参考书使用。

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Unit 1 Medical Professionalism Text A Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal Text B Informed Coent Medical Vocabulary Workshop Diseases and DisordeUnit 2 Medical ]Education Text A American Medical Education Text B History and Physical Medical Vocabulary Workshop Systems and OrgaUnit 3 Basic Medicine Text A Pain,Modulation and Management Text B Medical Notes for Admission Medical Vocabulary Workshop Major OrgaUnit 4 Clinical Medicine Text A Outpatient Management of Severe COPD Text B Medical Notes for Discharge Medical Vocabulary Workshop Itruments and ProcessesUnit 5 Clinical Surgery Text A Robotic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass for Morbid Obesity. Text B Operative Report Medical Vocabulary Workshop Surgical OperatioUnit 6 Environmental Medicine Text A Gender, Climate Change and Health Text B SOAP Progress Report Medical Vocabulary Workshop Chemical ElementsUnit 7 Social Medicine Text A What is Social Medicine? Text B Referral and Coultation Medical Vocabulary Workshop Shapes and FormsUnit 8 Disaster Medicine.,.., Text A Short-term and Medium-term Health Effects of 9/11 Text B Drug Description and Itruction Medical Vocabulary Workshop DrugsUnit 9 Evidence,based Medicine Text A Evidence-based Medicine or Marketing-based Medicine? Text B The Cochrane Abstract And Summary Medical Vocabulary Workshop NumbeUnit 10 Preventive Medicine Text A Preventive Dental Care and Coueling for Infants and YoungChildren Text B Grant Proposal Request Medical Vocabulary Workshop ColouUnit 11 Nuing Text A A Case Study of Peon-Centred Care Development Text B Itruction for Autho Medical Vocabulary Workshop Directio and PositioUnit 12 Medical Ethics Text A Withholding Information from Patients When Less Is More Text B Conference Announcement Medical Vocabulary Workshop PluralsAppendicesAppendix I Supplementary Samples in Clinical Documents Sample I) Informed Coent and Refusal for Blood Trafusion Sample II) Admission Note for COPDAppendix II Abbreviatio Commonly Used in Medical RecordAppendix III Keys to ExercisesAppendix IV Glossary

AS compared with placebo,antibiotics decrease the relative risk of treatment failure by approximately 50％when used for COPD exacerbations.Subgroup analysis suggests that antibiotics are most effective when cough and sputum purulence are present.Most trials suggesting the efficacy of antibiotics have compared the use of older antibiotics with placebo.It iS uncertain whether newer classes of antibiotics,such as macrolides and fluoroquinolones.are more effective.Initial outpatient treatment with antibiotics should be based on considerations of cost.safety,and locaI patterns of antibiotic resistance among the bacterial species commonly isolated from sputum during exacerbations.
If an exacerbation is associated with increased breathlessness,patients should be encouraged to increase their use of short-acting bronchodilators.Anticholinergic and β2-agonist bronchodilatorsappear to be equally effective,with little additive benefit from combined use.Areas of Uncertainty
It remains unclear whether spirometry is routinely warranted to diagnose COPD in persons atrisk who are asymptomatic.Whereas the National Lung Health Education Program has advocatedwidespread spirometric testing in medical offices（including testing in persons at risk who do nothave respiratory symptoms）to identify cases of COPD,an evidence-based report sponsored by theAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality concluded that screening persons who are at risk but are asymptomatic would raise overall costs,falsely label many of those tested as having clinically significant disease,and only marginally improve clinical outcomes.In randomized trials,smoking-cessation rates were not increased among patients with early COPD who underwent spirometrictesting and were informed of abnormal results,as compared with patients who did not undergo testing.However,in a recent trial comparing two approaches to informing patients of spirometric results-assigning a”lung age”versus simply reporting the FEV1–the former approch was associated with higher cessation rates at 1 year,which suggests that spirometry may facilitate smoking cessation if the results are presented to patients in an appropriate manner.
The role of disease-management programs for patients with COPD remains uncertain.Randomized.controlled trials of case management for COPD have shown promise in reducing hospitalization rates,but the evidence is insufficient to make specific recommendations.Pulmonary rehabilitation improves health status and exercise capability for selected patients,but national surveys indicate that few patients complete such programs.and it iS unclear how best to maintain the benefits achieved.