园艺植物病虫害防治实验实训

目  录

基础实验篇

项目1  植物病害基础································································· 3

实验1  植物病害症状类型观察··········································· 4

实验2  植物病原真菌形态观察··········································· 9

实验3  植物病原细菌、线虫及寄生性种子植物形态观察··········· 16

项目2  植物昆虫基础································································ 19

实验4  昆虫外部形态及虫态观察······································· 20

实验5  常见科昆虫的形态特征观察···································· 25

项目3  农药基础······································································ 49

实验6  常用农药的性状观察和简易鉴别······························ 50

项目4  蔬菜病虫害··································································· 53

实验7  十字花科蔬菜病虫害观察······································· 54

实验8  茄科蔬菜病虫害观察············································ 57

实验9  葫芦科蔬菜病虫害观察·········································· 61

项目5  果树病虫害··································································· 65

实验10  苹果树、梨树病虫害观察····································· 66

实验11  葡萄、柑橘病虫害观察········································ 69

项目6  观赏植物病虫害····························································· 73

实验12  观赏植物病害症状、病原观察································ 74

实验13  观赏植物害虫形态、危害状观察····························· 78

综合实训篇

实训1  病害标本的采集、制作和保存············································ 83

实训2  昆虫标本的采集、制作和保存············································ 90

实训3  园艺植物病虫害的调查和统计··········································· 100

实训4  病原菌的分离与纯化······················································ 105

实训5  农药田间药效试验························································· 111

实训6  园艺植物病虫害综合防治历的制订······································ 114

参考文献··············································································· 125

附  录

附录A  常见杀菌剂种类及其应用（广谱性杀菌剂）·························· 129

附录B  常用杀虫剂种类及其应用················································ 133

附录C  西南地区主要园艺害虫编目与危害····································· 138

附录D  园艺植物病原真菌检索表················································ 151

附录E  西南地区园艺植物常见病虫害图谱····································· 155

前  言

“园艺植物病虫害防治”是园艺学专业学生必修的一门专业基础课程，实践性和应用性强。随着高校应用型人才培养模式的改革，除了要求学生掌握够用的理论基础，要求其掌握较强的实践技能的目标越加清晰和明确，编写贴近园艺植物生产实际需求、突出应用性的园艺植物病虫害防治实验指导教材便成为园艺专业教育工作者的重要任务。综合类高校的园艺专业开设的园艺植物病虫害防治课程，相对于农业院校的相关专业，对知识的系统性和专业性要求稍弱，所以实验内容上也不可能面面俱到，在课时数有限的情况下，要尽量做好取舍。基于多年的教学和实践经验，结合实验课的真正需求，我们编写了这本《园艺植物病虫害防治实验实训》。本书由基础实验篇、综合实训篇两部分组成，前者首先安排了植物病原的基础识别项目，选取了一些大众化的蔬菜、果树和观赏植物上发生的典型病害、主要昆虫进行识别学习；后者主要为基础实训，包括植物病害标本及昆虫标本的采集与制作、病虫害的调查与统计、农药田间药效试验，以及植物病害诊断基本操作技术中的病原菌的分离和纯化等训练，能满足大部分园艺专业学生的实验参考需求。因此本教材主要供大中专园艺专业（特别是综合类高校）教学、成人教育教学使用，也可供相关生产管理人员参考。

本教材特色主要体现在以下几方面。

（1）教材分为基础实验篇、综合实训篇，对学生有一个逐渐提升的考量，书后的附录包括目前使用的农药种类、主要园艺植物病原菌及昆虫的检索表，以及西南地区园艺植物常见病虫害彩色图谱，为实验实训的开展提供了方便。由于综合类学校（非农业类）园艺专业该门实验课的学时限制，对部分独立实验进行了合并，如苹果树和梨树的一些病虫害，特别是害虫较为相似，安排在一次实验中开展。另外，选择项目也有一定的针对性，如其他教材中果树部分的北方地区典型的果树桃、李、杏等以及种植相对小众的龙眼、荔枝等也未选入教材，而选择了种植较为广泛的柑橘和葡萄作为病虫害识别寄主。

（2）教材中插入了大量图表，特别是附录彩图，为学生提供的指导性和参考性更强。

（3）教材的语言描述特别是症状观察上用待确定的字词，如“观察叶片绿色是否浓淡不均……”，带着探究式的引导进行实验，而不是完全的验证，更能加强学生的主观判断性。

本教材由重庆三峡学院生物与食品工程学院甘丽萍（编写实验1～2，7～9，实训1～2，实训6，附录A～B）担任主编，石汝杰（编写实验3～6，实训3，附录C）和杨玲（编写实验10～13，实训4～5，附录D～E）担任编委，合肥市园林绿化质量监督管理中心张磊提供了大量害虫彩图。书中部分插图选自费显伟主编、高等教育出版社出版的《园艺植物病虫害防治》（2010年版）等参考文献中列出的教材，特向原作者表示敬意与感谢！还有部分来自网上资料和有关文献资料，谨向各位专家学者表示诚挚的谢意！在编写过程中，得到了有关领导、同事的大力支持和帮助，在此一并表示诚挚的感谢！

由于园艺植物病虫害防治涉及内容广泛，技术性很强，地域变化较大，加之编者水平有限，书中不妥或疏漏之处在所难免，敬请专家和广大读者批评指正！

编  者 

2018年2月