描述
开 本: 16开纸 张: 胶版纸包 装: 平装是否套装: 否国际标准书号ISBN: 9787509766675
内容简介
本书采用系统科学的方法，以复杂系统科学理论为框架，从旅游系统构成要素的耦合关系出发，结合西藏地区的实际情况，研究西藏构建*旅游目的地的实现途径。本书介绍了系统科学方法在旅游目的地方面的研究情况以及西藏旅游的现状，阐述了世界旅游目的地系统模型构建的方式，结合西藏旅游产品的自组织现象研究，以四维度结构模型和协同学视角、共生理论视角及区域一体化视角研究构建西藏旅游目的地建设的方向、对策及建议。
目 录
绪 论
节 研究背景
第二节 研究的理论意义、现实意义和主要创新点
第三节 研究的方法及路线
章 系统科学视野下的旅游目的地可持续发展研究综述
节 旅游目的地概念界定
第二节 系统科学及其在旅游目的地方面的研究
第三节 旅游系统
第四节 旅游可持续发展理论
第二章 西藏旅游概述
节 西藏概貌
第二节 西藏旅游业发展历史及旅游资源现状
第三节 西藏旅游的特殊性
第三章 世界旅游目的地系统模型构建
节 系统科学的方法论
第二节 西藏打造旅游目的地的可行性
第三节 旅游目的地模型构建
第四章 基于顾客价值的西藏旅游产业价值系统重构
节 顾客价值链理论及其特性
第二节 西藏旅游价值链的缺陷
第三节 西藏旅游价值链的增值途径
第五章 西藏旅游产品的自组织现象研究
节 旅游产品的自组织机理
第二节 西藏旅游产品的构成及存在主要问题
第三节 自组织机理下的西藏旅游产品改善途径
第六章 四维度模型构架中旅游服务体系的创新研究——以西藏乡村旅游为例
节 四维度模型简介
第二节 西藏乡村旅游服务体系的现状
第三节 西藏旅游服务体系的创新性建设
第七章 协同学视角下的旅游社区参与
节 社区参与及其对西藏旅游业的意义
第二节 西藏旅游社区参与的现实性制约因素
第三节 协同学引领下的西藏旅游广泛社区参与实现途径
第八章 共生理论视角下的西藏旅游生态化建设研究
节 藏文化中环境伦理与共生理论的耦合性
第二节 旅游与环境的共生关系
第三节 西藏旅游与环境一体化共生的实现途径
第九章 区域一体化视角下的无障碍藏文化旅游区建设
节 理论基础
第二节 藏区旅游区域一体化的可行性与制约因素
第三节 以无障碍旅游的标准构建藏文化旅游区
第十章 西藏旅游目的地建设保障体系
节 西藏自治区旅游经济政策保障
第二节 旅游开发的资金支持体系
第三节 西藏旅游信息保障体系
第四节 人才保障
第五节 西藏交通保障体系
第六节 旅游安全保障系统
第十一章 对策建议
节 完善旅游产业价值链，实现多维度顾客价值提升
第二节 培育抗风险的多元化体验类旅游产品体系
第三节 健全区域一体化协同机制
第四节 以生态旅游为龙头实现旅游与环境的共生
第五节 形成完备的旅游自组织保障体系
结 论
参考文献
附 录
后 记
节 研究背景
第二节 研究的理论意义、现实意义和主要创新点
第三节 研究的方法及路线
章 系统科学视野下的旅游目的地可持续发展研究综述
节 旅游目的地概念界定
第二节 系统科学及其在旅游目的地方面的研究
第三节 旅游系统
第四节 旅游可持续发展理论
第二章 西藏旅游概述
节 西藏概貌
第二节 西藏旅游业发展历史及旅游资源现状
第三节 西藏旅游的特殊性
第三章 世界旅游目的地系统模型构建
节 系统科学的方法论
第二节 西藏打造旅游目的地的可行性
第三节 旅游目的地模型构建
第四章 基于顾客价值的西藏旅游产业价值系统重构
节 顾客价值链理论及其特性
第二节 西藏旅游价值链的缺陷
第三节 西藏旅游价值链的增值途径
第五章 西藏旅游产品的自组织现象研究
节 旅游产品的自组织机理
第二节 西藏旅游产品的构成及存在主要问题
第三节 自组织机理下的西藏旅游产品改善途径
第六章 四维度模型构架中旅游服务体系的创新研究——以西藏乡村旅游为例
节 四维度模型简介
第二节 西藏乡村旅游服务体系的现状
第三节 西藏旅游服务体系的创新性建设
第七章 协同学视角下的旅游社区参与
节 社区参与及其对西藏旅游业的意义
第二节 西藏旅游社区参与的现实性制约因素
第三节 协同学引领下的西藏旅游广泛社区参与实现途径
第八章 共生理论视角下的西藏旅游生态化建设研究
节 藏文化中环境伦理与共生理论的耦合性
第二节 旅游与环境的共生关系
第三节 西藏旅游与环境一体化共生的实现途径
第九章 区域一体化视角下的无障碍藏文化旅游区建设
节 理论基础
第二节 藏区旅游区域一体化的可行性与制约因素
第三节 以无障碍旅游的标准构建藏文化旅游区
第十章 西藏旅游目的地建设保障体系
节 西藏自治区旅游经济政策保障
第二节 旅游开发的资金支持体系
第三节 西藏旅游信息保障体系
第四节 人才保障
第五节 西藏交通保障体系
第六节 旅游安全保障系统
第十一章 对策建议
节 完善旅游产业价值链，实现多维度顾客价值提升
第二节 培育抗风险的多元化体验类旅游产品体系
第三节 健全区域一体化协同机制
第四节 以生态旅游为龙头实现旅游与环境的共生
第五节 形成完备的旅游自组织保障体系
结 论
参考文献
附 录
后 记
前 言
前 言
随着时间的推移，旅游已经由区域性的群体行为，逐步演变为具有全球性影响力的活动。在旅游资源整合和产业升级方面，国内许多省份都将打造或国际化旅游目的地作为发展的方向。在这方面比较有代表性的有：海南省的国际旅游岛建设，北京市的世界城市建设，成都市的世界现代田园城市建设，上海市、天津市、广州市的世界大都会建设。此外，福建省福州市、广西壮族自治区北部湾市、湖南省长沙市等都提出了构建和完善国际化旅游目的地的诉求。但在一些地区，旅游目的地的国际化提升只停留在政治口号的宣传层面，缺乏系统科学的规划指导，在具体操作层面，存在一定的盲目性和随意性。
自从1328年法国传教士奥地里克到达西藏后，西方探险家陆陆续续到西藏调查和传教，但真正意义上的西藏现代旅游业始于20世纪80年代。在几十年的积累和发展过程中，旅游业在雪域高原进行着不断的调适和变革，西藏旅游业的建构和完善，实际上也是西藏社会和经济结构转型的一个重要环节。当代中国社会的转变与社会结构的变迁，始终存在着各种因素交互影响和交互建塑的过程，这其中既有全球化的动因也有地方性的桎梏，既有历史性的结果也有现实的困惑，各种因素的纠结造成了复杂性不确定性的现实。同时旅游业面对21世纪的复杂性和多变性，文化冲突、机制差异、利益纠葛、权力斗争等种种矛盾都会通过各种形式展现出来。2009年冬季在瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛上，俄罗斯总理普京用“完美风暴”一词来形容金融危机带来的挑战，而这也正是我们这个时代正在经历的复杂性和不确定性。在西藏，由生活习俗、价值观、民族文化等方面构成的多样性也正在迅速变化。面对复杂多变的环境，旅游业的产业重组已经由过去简单的行业内和企业内的重组，演变为在全球化背景下产业价值链调整的系统工程。旅游业的发展是一个具有经济、社会和环境效应的非线性系统工程，其产生和发展依赖资源和环境的良好结合。同时，一旦付诸实践，也会对各方面产生重大的影响。
西藏地处被誉为“世界屋脊”和“地球第三极”的青藏高原，旅游资源十分丰富。首先，地区内复杂的地貌特征、多样化的气候类型以及数千年来人与自然的和谐相处造就了奇丽的自然景观，这里孕育、生长着无数的珍稀动植物，是动植物资源宝库。其次，这里有着与众不同、令人神往的人文景观。以拉萨、日喀则、昌都等城市为中心，具有浓郁藏传佛教氛围的历史人文景观散布全区。另外，民俗艺术等其他文化形式也十分独特和富有吸引力。西藏旅游资源在本质上具有历史悠久、内涵独特、要素齐全、形式多元、原生本真、神秘敏感等特性。西藏又是藏族人世代栖息的主要生活区域。因此，西藏旅游兼具了民族旅游和宗教旅游的特性。
西藏的旅游资源虽然丰富，但旅游设施建设相对落后，生态环境脆弱。青藏铁路通车后，游客数量激增，在经济效益不断扩大的状况下，旅游带来的社会、环境和文化等问题也开始出现，因此，可持续发展的价值观建构就成为西藏旅游业发展的必然选择。同时西藏又是一个政治高度敏感性区域，在民族、宗教、自然、地理、历史等方面具有特殊性。而且旅游业发展的形式和规模必须结合政治因素权衡和考量，种种因素的复杂性决定了西藏世界旅游目的地系统具有复杂系统的本质归属。
从复杂适应系统的视角而言，旅游目的地的可持续发展与旅游的系统工程建设具有天生的耦合性。可持续发展理论是人们在改造和利用自然过程中，伴随着人类生存环境的不断恶化，以致人类身体健康受到影响甚至整个人类生存受到威胁的情况下，逐步总结发展起来的。它是以保护自然、爱护环境、合理开发利用资源为主要宗旨的人类科学发展的重要理论。可持续发展追求的正是在旅游系统的结构、运行和发展过程中长远利益和短期效益的有机结合，是经济利益、社会效益、生态环境效益的协调发展。系统科学注重整体性地把握复杂性问题，由于西藏旅游的可持续发展所面临的问题具有全球性、复杂性和不确定性的特点，所以该项研究以复杂系统科学理论作为分析框架，以动态演化研究范式为基础，从旅游系统构成要素的耦合关系出发，结合西藏地区的具体特殊实际，研究西藏构建旅游目的地的有效实现途径。该体系追求的正是在旅游系统的框架中，通过社区参与动态地协调各种利益主体的长远利益，形成内外兼具的驱动模式。在以人为本的全球化语境下，通过科学统筹，使西藏旅游业走向可持续发展的道路。这是西藏构建和谐社会与实现整体跨越式发展的现实途径和必然选择。
本研究共分11章。绪论主要阐述了本研究的选题依据和研究意义，在分析旅游业的发展趋势和西藏旅游的现实背景的基础上，提出了本书的研究思路、基本框架、研究重点和研究方法等。章对国内外旅游目的地的研究进行了较为细致的综述，对“系统”“旅游系统”等相关概念进行了界定，并将可持续发展、新区域主义、社区参与和利益主体等相关理论作为研究的辅助内容加以评述。第二章鉴于旅游业关联性强的特点，西藏的一草一木在旅游开发的过程中，都具有成为旅游产品的可能性，因此，在这一章介绍了西藏的历史、文化、经济、地理、人口、气候、地质、矿产等方面的概况，对西藏的自然和人文旅游资源进行了细致的分类和评述，并对西藏旅游业的发展历程进行了梳理，主要目的是为后续研究做铺垫。在第三章中，研究者在分析西藏旅游特殊性的基础上，以系统科学的视角构建西藏旅游目的地可持续发展概念模型，以期作为文章分析问题的框架和西藏旅游实现国际化、标准化、精细化的模板。第四章研究者从西藏旅游产业开发的现状出发，分析了现存的行业规模小、多头管理、监管不力、营销手段单一等主要问题，并从价值链的角度提出打造具有地域文化特征的品牌、构建差异化产业联盟，建立合理的利益分配机制和协调机制，以业务创新为主导、建立信息共享机制等，为西藏旅游价值链的提升寻找出路。第五章分析了西藏现有的六大旅游产品类型和存在的主要问题，并以自组织的机理构建了西藏特色产品体系，提出通过产品创新不断提升产品品味和级别的思路。第六章聚焦西藏的乡村旅游，研究者以四维度的服务创新模型作为分析框架，在评述西藏旅游服务体系的现状后，从新服务概念、新顾客界面、新服务传递系统以及新技术方面结合西藏的现实条件，为西藏乡村旅游和西藏服务业整体实力的提升提供理论上的支撑。第七章从公平、正义的视角，提出了社区参与在增强社区与旅游的内生关系、构建稳定和谐社区、提升规划的科学性和可行性及提升民族自觉意识、民族自豪感等方面的重要性，对西藏社区参与的现实性制约因素进行了分析，并从政府、非政府组织、旅游企业、社区、媒体、学校协同参与的角度，丰富了西藏旅游业可持续发展的内涵。第八章分析了旅游业和环境的关系。研究者认为共生关系是旅游和环境二者之间互动的模式。西藏生态环境脆弱，只有实现旅游与环境的共生一体化，才能真正落实旅游业可持续发展的内涵，为西藏旅游国际化建设提供生态物质上的帮助。第九章从藏区文化同源性和产品互补性的角度出发，以区域旅游一体化的理念，从国际、省际和区内地区之间三个层面，形成不同内涵的合作区域，从而构建了西藏区域联合的动力机制，而保障体系的构建是对整个旅游目的地系统的有力支撑。研究者在第十章中主要从政策、资金、交通、信息、人才、安全方面，为西藏国际化旅游目的地的建设提供相对完善的保障系统。第十一章是对策建议，针对目前西藏存在的突出问题，研究者从系统科学的视角提出了一些切实可行的策略和措施。结论部分，研究者从价值维度出发，认为旅游目的地的可持续发展既是一个具有政治色彩的概念，又是一个需要时间和实践来考验的全球性课题。西藏旅游目的地的系统化建设，不可一蹴而就。
关键词：旅游目的地 系统科学 可持续发展 西藏旅游
Introduction
Tourism has already evolved into a global activity from the regional group behavior. In the process of tourism resource integration and industry upgrading, many Chinese provinces and cities aim at building a world famous tourism destination. For instance, Hainan Province aims at constructing itself the international tourism island, Beijing, the world city, Chengdu, the world modern garden city, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Tianjin, the world metropolitan. In addition, Fuzhou of Fujian Province, the Beibuwan city of Guangxi Autonomous Region, Changsha of Hunan Province, and many others, are all inclined to construct or perfect themselves to be international tourist destinations. But in many cases, there is no systematic and scientific planning except slogan propaganda, so that practice is somewhat blind and random.
Since 1328, when a French missionary arrived in Tibet, Western explorers and missionaries had came to Tibet one after another. But the true sense of the modern tourism to Tibet began in the 1980s.After decades of accumulation and development, tourism in Tibet is playing an important part in its social and economic structure transition. Contemporary Chinese social development is both motivated and hindered by varied global and local factors, facing a great uncertainty and realistic complexity. At the same time, tourism itself mirrors the complexity of cultural conflict, systematic divergence, interest disputes, power struggle of the 21st century. At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in2009, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin used a “perfect storm” to describe the challenges of the financial crisis. This is what we are experiencing the complexity of the integration of uncertainty at present. In Tibet, the customs, values, ethnic culture are rapidly changing. Under such a sophisticate circumstance, the restruction of tourism industry is no more an inner-enterprise or inner-industry course , but involves a systematic global industrial value chain adjustment. Tourism development is a nonlinear system bearing economic, social and environmental effects, which relies on a harmonious coexistence of the resources and environment, and also exerts a significant impact on many aspects once being put into practice.
Tibet is known as the “Roof of the World” and the “Third Pole of the Earth.” Tourism resources are abundant there. Firstly, due to the complex topography, diversified climatic conditions, and the harmonious relationship between man and the nature, the landscape still maintains its unique and original beauty with numerous rare animals and plants. Secondly, it has a distinctive, fascinating culture. Historic sites are spread all over and strong religious atmosphere hangs over Lhasa, Shigatse,Qamdo and others cities, which are the center of Tibetan Buddhism. Thirdly, folk art and other cultural elements are also very unique and attractive. Tourism resources in Tibet are distinguished for its long history, uniqueness, conprehensiveness, originality, and mystique. Besides, Tibetan people are the major inhabitants in Tibet, that tourism in Tibet is both ethnic and religious.
Although abundant in tourist resources, the tourist facilities are far lagged off and the ecology is fragile in Tibet. Since the Qinghai-Tibet railway was put into use, the number of tourist to Tibet surged dramatically. It has brought not only a considerable profit but also plenty of social and environmental problems. So, a sustainable development is the only way out for tourism in Tibet. Meanwhile, for its special political situation, Tibet is a place particular in ethnicity, religion, natural conditions, geography, and history. The form and size of tourism industry in Tibet are determined with a full consideration of political factors. So, sophistication is the foremost feature of the world-famous tourist destination system in Tibet.
From the perspective of Complex Adaptive System, sustainable development of a world-famous tourist destination and the systematic construction of tourism couple each other by nature. Sustainable development theory came into form in the process of transforming and using of natural resources along with the existence-threatening situations that deterioration of the environment were affecting human health or even the whole of human. It pursues nature conservation, environment protection, and rational development and utilization of resources. It seeks well-matched long-term interests and short-term benefits in the formation, operation, and development of tourism system, and the coordinated development of economy, society and ecological environment.
Since system science stresses on holistic solutions to complicated problems and the sustainable development of tourism in Tibet is world-affecting, complicate and skeptical issue, this study attempts to find an access to building Tibet as a world-famous tourist destination under the complex system theory framework. It is based on the dynamic evolution paradigm, the coupling relations of the elements of tourism system, and the region-specific realities of Tibet. It aims at forming an integrated driving model by coordinating the long-term interests of various stakeholders within a dynamically participating community under the framework of tourism system. In a people-oriented context of globalization, a sustainable development of the tourism in Tibet by means of scientific planning is the practical path and inevitable choice for Tibet in its harmonious society construction and leapfrog development.
This research divides into 11 chapters. The part of prolegomenon describes the background and significance of the research. Based on nowadays tourism development trend and current development situation of Tibet tourism, it proposes the research frame,focus,methods and so on.Chapter 1 makes a detailed review of tourism destinations at home and aboard. It also makes definitions on “system”, “tourism system” and related concepts. It makes comments on sustainable development, new regionalism, community participation and stakeholder theory. In Chapter 2, considering of strong relevance of tourism product, Tibet can become tourism product with a strong possibility . Therefore, it introduces history,culture economy, geography , population, climate, geology, minerals and other aspects of Tibet. It summarizes and classifies the Tibet natural and cultural resources and the process of tourism development. In this way to make the groundwork for future research. In chapter 3, the author analyzes the specialty of tourism and build up a sustainable development model of world-class tourism destination from the scientific systematic perspective which can push Tibet tourism into Internationalization, standardization, refinement model as an analysis frame.Chapter 4 the researcher analyzes some problems such as small-scale industry, multiple management,lack of supervision,single-mode marketing in Tibet tourism development. It also builds regional culture brand, the different industry alliance, reasonable mechanism of profits distribution, industry innovation and information sharing. Find a way to promote Tibet tourism value chain. Chapter 5 analyzes the six main kinds of tourism products and major existing problems in Tibet and constructed unique product systems based on self-organization mechanism. It brings up a new thread of improving the taste and quality of products by innovating them. Chapter 6 focuses on rural tourism in Tibet. Researchers applies a four-dimension model to state the current situation of tourist service systems in Tibet. By combining new service concepts, new customer perspectives, new transmitting systems and new technologies with the reality of Tibet, it provides a concept support for local rural tourism and overall competitiveness. Chapter 7 attaches importance to community participation in promoting inner mutual relationships between communities and tourism, in establishing stable humorous communities, in improving the scientific and feasibility of planning ardor in improving ethnic self-conscience, ethnic sense of proud, etc. Also, it makes an analysis of the real restricting factors about community participation and enriched the connotation of sustainable tourism in Tibet from the perspectives of the synergistic participation of governments, non-governments, tourism enterprises, communities, medias and schools. Chapter 8 analyzes the relationship between tourism and environments, for the interaction of which researchers think symbiotic relationship performs the best. The eco-environment in Tibet is so fragile that only when we make symbiotic integration come true , can we carry out the connotation of sustainable tourism and provides eco-material for the construction of international tourism in Tibet. In chapter 9, from the cultural homology and product complementary standpoint, it uses the concept of regional tourism integration to form cooperation zone with different connotations as well as to construct motivation mechanism in united regions in Tibet from international, inter-provincial and inter-regional levels. Security systems present as strong support for the whole tourist destination systems. In chapter 10, researcher provides relative integrated security systems for constructing international tourist destinations in Tibet from policy, capital, transport, information, talents and safety perspectives. In chapter 11 of policy suggestion, researcher proposes some practical strategies and measures from the angle of systematic science in connection with current severe issues in Tibet. In conclusion section, starting from value dimension, researchers consider that a sustainable tourist destination is not only sort of a political concept, but also a universal issue needing time and practice to test. Constructing a world-class tourist destination system is by no means done in one move.
Keywords: Tourism Destination; System Science; Sustainable Development; Tibet Tourism
随着时间的推移，旅游已经由区域性的群体行为，逐步演变为具有全球性影响力的活动。在旅游资源整合和产业升级方面，国内许多省份都将打造或国际化旅游目的地作为发展的方向。在这方面比较有代表性的有：海南省的国际旅游岛建设，北京市的世界城市建设，成都市的世界现代田园城市建设，上海市、天津市、广州市的世界大都会建设。此外，福建省福州市、广西壮族自治区北部湾市、湖南省长沙市等都提出了构建和完善国际化旅游目的地的诉求。但在一些地区，旅游目的地的国际化提升只停留在政治口号的宣传层面，缺乏系统科学的规划指导，在具体操作层面，存在一定的盲目性和随意性。
自从1328年法国传教士奥地里克到达西藏后，西方探险家陆陆续续到西藏调查和传教，但真正意义上的西藏现代旅游业始于20世纪80年代。在几十年的积累和发展过程中，旅游业在雪域高原进行着不断的调适和变革，西藏旅游业的建构和完善，实际上也是西藏社会和经济结构转型的一个重要环节。当代中国社会的转变与社会结构的变迁，始终存在着各种因素交互影响和交互建塑的过程，这其中既有全球化的动因也有地方性的桎梏，既有历史性的结果也有现实的困惑，各种因素的纠结造成了复杂性不确定性的现实。同时旅游业面对21世纪的复杂性和多变性，文化冲突、机制差异、利益纠葛、权力斗争等种种矛盾都会通过各种形式展现出来。2009年冬季在瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛上，俄罗斯总理普京用“完美风暴”一词来形容金融危机带来的挑战，而这也正是我们这个时代正在经历的复杂性和不确定性。在西藏，由生活习俗、价值观、民族文化等方面构成的多样性也正在迅速变化。面对复杂多变的环境，旅游业的产业重组已经由过去简单的行业内和企业内的重组，演变为在全球化背景下产业价值链调整的系统工程。旅游业的发展是一个具有经济、社会和环境效应的非线性系统工程，其产生和发展依赖资源和环境的良好结合。同时，一旦付诸实践，也会对各方面产生重大的影响。
西藏地处被誉为“世界屋脊”和“地球第三极”的青藏高原，旅游资源十分丰富。首先，地区内复杂的地貌特征、多样化的气候类型以及数千年来人与自然的和谐相处造就了奇丽的自然景观，这里孕育、生长着无数的珍稀动植物，是动植物资源宝库。其次，这里有着与众不同、令人神往的人文景观。以拉萨、日喀则、昌都等城市为中心，具有浓郁藏传佛教氛围的历史人文景观散布全区。另外，民俗艺术等其他文化形式也十分独特和富有吸引力。西藏旅游资源在本质上具有历史悠久、内涵独特、要素齐全、形式多元、原生本真、神秘敏感等特性。西藏又是藏族人世代栖息的主要生活区域。因此，西藏旅游兼具了民族旅游和宗教旅游的特性。
西藏的旅游资源虽然丰富，但旅游设施建设相对落后，生态环境脆弱。青藏铁路通车后，游客数量激增，在经济效益不断扩大的状况下，旅游带来的社会、环境和文化等问题也开始出现，因此，可持续发展的价值观建构就成为西藏旅游业发展的必然选择。同时西藏又是一个政治高度敏感性区域，在民族、宗教、自然、地理、历史等方面具有特殊性。而且旅游业发展的形式和规模必须结合政治因素权衡和考量，种种因素的复杂性决定了西藏世界旅游目的地系统具有复杂系统的本质归属。
从复杂适应系统的视角而言，旅游目的地的可持续发展与旅游的系统工程建设具有天生的耦合性。可持续发展理论是人们在改造和利用自然过程中，伴随着人类生存环境的不断恶化，以致人类身体健康受到影响甚至整个人类生存受到威胁的情况下，逐步总结发展起来的。它是以保护自然、爱护环境、合理开发利用资源为主要宗旨的人类科学发展的重要理论。可持续发展追求的正是在旅游系统的结构、运行和发展过程中长远利益和短期效益的有机结合，是经济利益、社会效益、生态环境效益的协调发展。系统科学注重整体性地把握复杂性问题，由于西藏旅游的可持续发展所面临的问题具有全球性、复杂性和不确定性的特点，所以该项研究以复杂系统科学理论作为分析框架，以动态演化研究范式为基础，从旅游系统构成要素的耦合关系出发，结合西藏地区的具体特殊实际，研究西藏构建旅游目的地的有效实现途径。该体系追求的正是在旅游系统的框架中，通过社区参与动态地协调各种利益主体的长远利益，形成内外兼具的驱动模式。在以人为本的全球化语境下，通过科学统筹，使西藏旅游业走向可持续发展的道路。这是西藏构建和谐社会与实现整体跨越式发展的现实途径和必然选择。
本研究共分11章。绪论主要阐述了本研究的选题依据和研究意义，在分析旅游业的发展趋势和西藏旅游的现实背景的基础上，提出了本书的研究思路、基本框架、研究重点和研究方法等。章对国内外旅游目的地的研究进行了较为细致的综述，对“系统”“旅游系统”等相关概念进行了界定，并将可持续发展、新区域主义、社区参与和利益主体等相关理论作为研究的辅助内容加以评述。第二章鉴于旅游业关联性强的特点，西藏的一草一木在旅游开发的过程中，都具有成为旅游产品的可能性，因此，在这一章介绍了西藏的历史、文化、经济、地理、人口、气候、地质、矿产等方面的概况，对西藏的自然和人文旅游资源进行了细致的分类和评述，并对西藏旅游业的发展历程进行了梳理，主要目的是为后续研究做铺垫。在第三章中，研究者在分析西藏旅游特殊性的基础上，以系统科学的视角构建西藏旅游目的地可持续发展概念模型，以期作为文章分析问题的框架和西藏旅游实现国际化、标准化、精细化的模板。第四章研究者从西藏旅游产业开发的现状出发，分析了现存的行业规模小、多头管理、监管不力、营销手段单一等主要问题，并从价值链的角度提出打造具有地域文化特征的品牌、构建差异化产业联盟，建立合理的利益分配机制和协调机制，以业务创新为主导、建立信息共享机制等，为西藏旅游价值链的提升寻找出路。第五章分析了西藏现有的六大旅游产品类型和存在的主要问题，并以自组织的机理构建了西藏特色产品体系，提出通过产品创新不断提升产品品味和级别的思路。第六章聚焦西藏的乡村旅游，研究者以四维度的服务创新模型作为分析框架，在评述西藏旅游服务体系的现状后，从新服务概念、新顾客界面、新服务传递系统以及新技术方面结合西藏的现实条件，为西藏乡村旅游和西藏服务业整体实力的提升提供理论上的支撑。第七章从公平、正义的视角，提出了社区参与在增强社区与旅游的内生关系、构建稳定和谐社区、提升规划的科学性和可行性及提升民族自觉意识、民族自豪感等方面的重要性，对西藏社区参与的现实性制约因素进行了分析，并从政府、非政府组织、旅游企业、社区、媒体、学校协同参与的角度，丰富了西藏旅游业可持续发展的内涵。第八章分析了旅游业和环境的关系。研究者认为共生关系是旅游和环境二者之间互动的模式。西藏生态环境脆弱，只有实现旅游与环境的共生一体化，才能真正落实旅游业可持续发展的内涵，为西藏旅游国际化建设提供生态物质上的帮助。第九章从藏区文化同源性和产品互补性的角度出发，以区域旅游一体化的理念，从国际、省际和区内地区之间三个层面，形成不同内涵的合作区域，从而构建了西藏区域联合的动力机制，而保障体系的构建是对整个旅游目的地系统的有力支撑。研究者在第十章中主要从政策、资金、交通、信息、人才、安全方面，为西藏国际化旅游目的地的建设提供相对完善的保障系统。第十一章是对策建议，针对目前西藏存在的突出问题，研究者从系统科学的视角提出了一些切实可行的策略和措施。结论部分，研究者从价值维度出发，认为旅游目的地的可持续发展既是一个具有政治色彩的概念，又是一个需要时间和实践来考验的全球性课题。西藏旅游目的地的系统化建设，不可一蹴而就。
关键词：旅游目的地 系统科学 可持续发展 西藏旅游
Introduction
Tourism has already evolved into a global activity from the regional group behavior. In the process of tourism resource integration and industry upgrading, many Chinese provinces and cities aim at building a world famous tourism destination. For instance, Hainan Province aims at constructing itself the international tourism island, Beijing, the world city, Chengdu, the world modern garden city, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Tianjin, the world metropolitan. In addition, Fuzhou of Fujian Province, the Beibuwan city of Guangxi Autonomous Region, Changsha of Hunan Province, and many others, are all inclined to construct or perfect themselves to be international tourist destinations. But in many cases, there is no systematic and scientific planning except slogan propaganda, so that practice is somewhat blind and random.
Since 1328, when a French missionary arrived in Tibet, Western explorers and missionaries had came to Tibet one after another. But the true sense of the modern tourism to Tibet began in the 1980s.After decades of accumulation and development, tourism in Tibet is playing an important part in its social and economic structure transition. Contemporary Chinese social development is both motivated and hindered by varied global and local factors, facing a great uncertainty and realistic complexity. At the same time, tourism itself mirrors the complexity of cultural conflict, systematic divergence, interest disputes, power struggle of the 21st century. At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in2009, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin used a “perfect storm” to describe the challenges of the financial crisis. This is what we are experiencing the complexity of the integration of uncertainty at present. In Tibet, the customs, values, ethnic culture are rapidly changing. Under such a sophisticate circumstance, the restruction of tourism industry is no more an inner-enterprise or inner-industry course , but involves a systematic global industrial value chain adjustment. Tourism development is a nonlinear system bearing economic, social and environmental effects, which relies on a harmonious coexistence of the resources and environment, and also exerts a significant impact on many aspects once being put into practice.
Tibet is known as the “Roof of the World” and the “Third Pole of the Earth.” Tourism resources are abundant there. Firstly, due to the complex topography, diversified climatic conditions, and the harmonious relationship between man and the nature, the landscape still maintains its unique and original beauty with numerous rare animals and plants. Secondly, it has a distinctive, fascinating culture. Historic sites are spread all over and strong religious atmosphere hangs over Lhasa, Shigatse,Qamdo and others cities, which are the center of Tibetan Buddhism. Thirdly, folk art and other cultural elements are also very unique and attractive. Tourism resources in Tibet are distinguished for its long history, uniqueness, conprehensiveness, originality, and mystique. Besides, Tibetan people are the major inhabitants in Tibet, that tourism in Tibet is both ethnic and religious.
Although abundant in tourist resources, the tourist facilities are far lagged off and the ecology is fragile in Tibet. Since the Qinghai-Tibet railway was put into use, the number of tourist to Tibet surged dramatically. It has brought not only a considerable profit but also plenty of social and environmental problems. So, a sustainable development is the only way out for tourism in Tibet. Meanwhile, for its special political situation, Tibet is a place particular in ethnicity, religion, natural conditions, geography, and history. The form and size of tourism industry in Tibet are determined with a full consideration of political factors. So, sophistication is the foremost feature of the world-famous tourist destination system in Tibet.
From the perspective of Complex Adaptive System, sustainable development of a world-famous tourist destination and the systematic construction of tourism couple each other by nature. Sustainable development theory came into form in the process of transforming and using of natural resources along with the existence-threatening situations that deterioration of the environment were affecting human health or even the whole of human. It pursues nature conservation, environment protection, and rational development and utilization of resources. It seeks well-matched long-term interests and short-term benefits in the formation, operation, and development of tourism system, and the coordinated development of economy, society and ecological environment.
Since system science stresses on holistic solutions to complicated problems and the sustainable development of tourism in Tibet is world-affecting, complicate and skeptical issue, this study attempts to find an access to building Tibet as a world-famous tourist destination under the complex system theory framework. It is based on the dynamic evolution paradigm, the coupling relations of the elements of tourism system, and the region-specific realities of Tibet. It aims at forming an integrated driving model by coordinating the long-term interests of various stakeholders within a dynamically participating community under the framework of tourism system. In a people-oriented context of globalization, a sustainable development of the tourism in Tibet by means of scientific planning is the practical path and inevitable choice for Tibet in its harmonious society construction and leapfrog development.
This research divides into 11 chapters. The part of prolegomenon describes the background and significance of the research. Based on nowadays tourism development trend and current development situation of Tibet tourism, it proposes the research frame,focus,methods and so on.Chapter 1 makes a detailed review of tourism destinations at home and aboard. It also makes definitions on “system”, “tourism system” and related concepts. It makes comments on sustainable development, new regionalism, community participation and stakeholder theory. In Chapter 2, considering of strong relevance of tourism product, Tibet can become tourism product with a strong possibility . Therefore, it introduces history,culture economy, geography , population, climate, geology, minerals and other aspects of Tibet. It summarizes and classifies the Tibet natural and cultural resources and the process of tourism development. In this way to make the groundwork for future research. In chapter 3, the author analyzes the specialty of tourism and build up a sustainable development model of world-class tourism destination from the scientific systematic perspective which can push Tibet tourism into Internationalization, standardization, refinement model as an analysis frame.Chapter 4 the researcher analyzes some problems such as small-scale industry, multiple management,lack of supervision,single-mode marketing in Tibet tourism development. It also builds regional culture brand, the different industry alliance, reasonable mechanism of profits distribution, industry innovation and information sharing. Find a way to promote Tibet tourism value chain. Chapter 5 analyzes the six main kinds of tourism products and major existing problems in Tibet and constructed unique product systems based on self-organization mechanism. It brings up a new thread of improving the taste and quality of products by innovating them. Chapter 6 focuses on rural tourism in Tibet. Researchers applies a four-dimension model to state the current situation of tourist service systems in Tibet. By combining new service concepts, new customer perspectives, new transmitting systems and new technologies with the reality of Tibet, it provides a concept support for local rural tourism and overall competitiveness. Chapter 7 attaches importance to community participation in promoting inner mutual relationships between communities and tourism, in establishing stable humorous communities, in improving the scientific and feasibility of planning ardor in improving ethnic self-conscience, ethnic sense of proud, etc. Also, it makes an analysis of the real restricting factors about community participation and enriched the connotation of sustainable tourism in Tibet from the perspectives of the synergistic participation of governments, non-governments, tourism enterprises, communities, medias and schools. Chapter 8 analyzes the relationship between tourism and environments, for the interaction of which researchers think symbiotic relationship performs the best. The eco-environment in Tibet is so fragile that only when we make symbiotic integration come true , can we carry out the connotation of sustainable tourism and provides eco-material for the construction of international tourism in Tibet. In chapter 9, from the cultural homology and product complementary standpoint, it uses the concept of regional tourism integration to form cooperation zone with different connotations as well as to construct motivation mechanism in united regions in Tibet from international, inter-provincial and inter-regional levels. Security systems present as strong support for the whole tourist destination systems. In chapter 10, researcher provides relative integrated security systems for constructing international tourist destinations in Tibet from policy, capital, transport, information, talents and safety perspectives. In chapter 11 of policy suggestion, researcher proposes some practical strategies and measures from the angle of systematic science in connection with current severe issues in Tibet. In conclusion section, starting from value dimension, researchers consider that a sustainable tourist destination is not only sort of a political concept, but also a universal issue needing time and practice to test. Constructing a world-class tourist destination system is by no means done in one move.
Keywords: Tourism Destination; System Science; Sustainable Development; Tibet Tourism
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