宽容：英汉对照

《宽容》是房龙的代表作，是一部关于宽容和思想自由的人文经典。有人说这是一部人类不宽容史，有人说这其实是一部人类沉痛史，还有人说这更是一部人类抗争史。房龙在书中通过一系列受迫害的历史人物的悲惨遭遇，剖析了人类为追求思想的权利所走过的悲剧性历程，揭示出一条无数人付出血与泪的代价才换来的真理——只有宽容不同的思想，人类才可能获得进步与解放。从古希腊，中世纪到启蒙运动，房龙不厌其烦，将一部欧洲的“思想解放史”写成了一部宽容与专横的斗争历史：种族屠杀、十字军远征、教会对异端的迫害、宗教裁判所对科学家的折磨、文艺复兴倡导的人本主义，以及启蒙运动鼓吹的思想自由。善与恶，黑暗与光明，进步与反动的不断搏杀，使理性的光芒不时透过专制的浓云密雾得以显现。

　　亨德里克·威廉·房龙(1882—1944)，荷裔美国作家和历史学家。他擅长用轻巧俏皮的文字撰写历史、文化、文明和科学等方面的通俗著作，一生出版了三十多种著作，单枪匹马将人类各方面的历史几乎全都复述一遍。其代表作《宽容》、《人类的故事》、《圣经的故事》、《房龙地理》、《发明的故事》、《太平洋的故事》、《人类的艺术》、《伦勃朗的人生苦旅》等，几乎本本畅销，影响了几代人。
　　房龙的作品基本围绕人类生存发展的本质问题，向人类的无知和偏见挑战，将知识和真理普及为人所共知的常识。
　　郁达夫曾说，房龙的笔有一种魅力，枯燥无味的科学常识经他那么一写，无论大人小孩，读他书的人都觉得娓娓忘倦了。

目录

PROLOGUE

CHAPTERⅠTHETYRANNYOFIGNORANCE

CHAPTERⅡTHEGREEKS

CHAPTERⅢTHEBEGINNINGOFRESTRAINT

CHAPTERⅣTHETWILIGHTOFTHEGODS

CHAPTERⅤIMPRISONMENT

CHAPTERⅥTHEPUREOFLIFE

CHAPTERⅦTHEINQUISITION

CHAPTERⅧTHECURIOUSONES

CHAPTERⅨTHEWARUPONTHEPRINTEDWORD

CHAPTERⅩCONCERNINGTHEWRITINGOFHISTORYINGENERALANDTHISBOOKINPARTICULAR

CHAPTERⅪRENAISSANCE

CHAPTERⅫTHEREFORMATION

CHAPTERⅩⅢERASMUS

CHAPTERⅩⅣRABELAIS

CHAPTERⅩⅤNEWSIGNBOARDSFOROLD

CHAPTERⅩⅥTHEANABAPTISTS

CHAPTERⅩⅦTHESOZZINIFAMILY

CHAPTERⅩⅧMONTAIGNE

CHAPTERⅩⅨARMINIUS

CHAPTERⅩⅩBRUNO

CHAPTERXXISPINOZA

CHAPTERⅩⅫTHENEWZION

CHAPTERⅩⅩⅢTHESUNKING

CHAPTERⅩⅩⅣFREDERICKTHEGREAT

CHAPTERXXVVOLTAIRE

CHAPTERⅩⅩⅥTHEENCYCLOPEDIA

CHAPTERⅩⅩⅦTHEINTOLERANCEOFREVOLUTION

CHAPTERⅩⅩⅧLESSING

CHAPTERⅩⅩⅨTOMPAINE

CHAPTERⅩⅩⅩTHELASTHUNDREDYEARS

序　言

第1章　无知的暴虐

第2章　希腊人

第3章　桎梏的开始

第4章　诸神的黄昏

第5章　囚禁

第6章　生活的纯洁

第7章　宗教法庭

第8章　求知的人

第9章　向书开战

第10章　历史写作的普遍性和本书的特殊性

第11章　文艺复兴

第12章　宗教改革

第13章　伊拉斯谟

第14章　拉伯雷

第15章　旧世界的新招牌

第16章　再洗礼教徒

第17章　索兹尼家族

第18章　蒙田

第19章　阿米尼乌斯

第20章　布鲁诺

第21章　斯宾诺莎

第22章　新的天国

第23章　太阳王

第24章　菲特烈大帝

第25章　伏尔泰

第26章　百科全书

第27章　革命的不宽容

第28章　莱辛

第29章　汤姆·潘恩

第30章　后一百年

CHAPTERⅠTHETYRANNYOFIGNORANCE

Intheyear527FlaviusAniciusJustinianusbecameruleroftheeasternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.

ThisSerbianpeasant(hecamefromUskub，themuchdisputedrailroadjunctionofthelatewar)hadnousefor“booklearning.”ItwasbyhisordersthattheancientAthenianschoolofphilosophywasfinallysuppressed.AnditwashewhoclosedthedoorsoftheonlyEgyptiantemplethathadcontinuedtodobusinesscenturiesafterthevalleyoftheNilehadbeeninvadedbythemonksofthenewChristianfaith.

ThistemplestoodonalittleislandcalledPhilae，notfarfromthefirstgreatwaterfalloftheNile.Eversincemencouldremember，thespothadbeendedicatedtotheworshipofIsisandforsomecuriousreason，theGoddesshadsurvivedwhereallherAfricanandGreekandRomanrivalshadmiserablyperished.Untilfinally，inthesixthcentury，theislandwastheonlyspotwheretheoldandmostholyartofpicturewritingwasstillunderstoodandwhereasmallnumberofpriestscontinuedtopracticeatradewhichhadbeenforgottenineveryotherpartofthelandofCheops.

Andnow，byorderofanilliteratefarmhand，knownasHisImperialMajesty，thetempleandtheadjoiningschoolweredeclaredstateproperty，thestatuesandimagesweresenttothemuseumofConstantinopleandthepriestsandthewriting-masterswerethrownintojail.Andwhenthelastofthemhaddiedfromhungerandneglect，theage-oldtradeofmakinghieroglyphicshadbecomealostart.

Allthiswasagreatpity.

IfJustinian（aplagueuponhishead!）hadbeenalittlelessthoroughandhadsavedjustafewofthoseoldpictureexpertsinasortofliteraryNoah’sArk，hewouldhavemadethetaskofthehistorianagreatdealeasier.Forwhile(owingtothegeniusofChampollion)wecanoncemorespelloutthestrangeEgyptianwords，itremainsexceedinglydifficultforustounderstandtheinnermeaningoftheirmessagetoposterity.

Andthesameholdstrueforallothernationsoftheancientworld.

WhatdidthosestrangelybeardedBabylonians，wholeftuswholebrickyardsfullofreligioustracts，haveinmindwhentheyexclaimedpiously，“whoshalleverbeabletounderstandthecounseloftheGodsinHeaven？”Howdidtheyfeeltowardsthosedivinespiritswhichtheyinvokedsocontinually，whoselawstheyendeavoredtointerpret，whosecommandstheyengraveduponthegraniteshaftsoftheirmostholycity？Whyweretheyatoncethemosttolerantofmen，encouragingtheirprieststostudythehighheavens，andtoexplorethelandandthesea，andatthesametimethemostcruelofexecutioners，inflictinghideouspunishmentsuponthoseoftheirneighborswhohadcommittedsomebreachofdivineetiquettewhichtodaywouldpassunnoticed？

Untilrecentlywedidnotknow.

WesentexpeditionstoNineveh，wedugholesinthesandofSinaianddecipheredmilesofcuneiformtablets.AndeverywhereinMesopotamiaandEgyptwedidourbesttofindthekeythatshouldunlockthefrontdoorofthismysteriousstore-houseofwisdom.

Andthen，suddenlyandalmostbyaccident，wediscoveredthatthebackdoorhadbeenwideopenallthetimeandthatwecouldenterthepremisesatwill.

ButthatconvenientlittlegatewasnotsituatedintheneighborhoodofAkkadorMemphis.

Itstoodintheveryheartofthejungle.

Anditwasalmosthiddenbythewoodenpillarsofapagantemple.

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Ourancestors，insearchofeasyplunder，hadcomeincontactwithwhattheywerepleasedtocall“wildmen”or“savages.”

Themeetinghadnotbeenapleasantone.

Thepoorheathen，misunderstandingtheintentionsofthewhitemen，hadwelcomedthemwithasalvoofspearsandarrows.

Thevisitorshadretaliatedwiththeirblunderbusses.

Afterthattherehadbeenlittlechanceforaquietandunprejudicedexchangeofideas.

Thesavagewasinvariablydepictedasadirty，lazy，good-for-nothingloaferwhoworshipedcrocodilesanddeadtreesanddeservedallthatwascomingtohim.

Thencamethereactionoftheeighteenthcentury.JeanJacquesRousseaubegantocontemplatetheworldthroughahazeofsentimentaltears.Hiscontemporaries，muchimpressedbyhisideas，pulledouttheirhandkerchiefsandjoinedintheweeping.

Thebenightedheathenwasoneoftheirmostfavoritesubjects.Intheirhands(althoughtheyhadneverseenone)hebecametheunfortunatevictimofcircumstancesandthetruerepresentativeofallthosemanifoldvirtuesofwhichthehumanracehadbeendeprivedbythreethousandyearsofacorruptsystemofcivilization.

Today，atleastinthisparticularfieldofinvestigation，weknowbetter.

Westudyprimitivemanaswestudythehigherdomesticatedanimals，fromwhichasaruleheisnotsoveryfarremoved.

Inmostinstanceswearefullyrepaidforourtrouble.Thesavage，butforthegraceofGod，isourownselfundermuchlessfavorableconditions.ByexamininghimcarefullywebegintounderstandtheearlysocietyofthevalleyoftheNileandofthepeninsulaofMesopotamiaandbyknowinghimthoroughlywegetaglimpseofmanyofthosestrangehiddeninstinctswhichlieburieddeepdownbeneaththethincrustofmannersandcustomswhichourownspeciesofmammalhasacquiredduringthelastfivethousandyears.

Thisencounterisnotalwaysflatteringtoourpride.Ontheother

handarealizationoftheconditionsfromwhichwehaveescaped，togetherwithanappreciationofthemanythingsthathaveactuallybeenaccomplished，canonlytendtogiveusnewcouragefortheworkinhandandifanythingitwillmakeusalittlemoretoleranttowardsthosea