什么是科学思维(第3版)(思想者指南系列丛书)

思辨能力的高下将决定一个人学业的优劣、事业的成败乃至一个民族的兴衰。在此意义上，我向全国中小学教师、
高等学校教师和学生以及社会大众郑重推荐“思想者指南系列丛书”。相信该套丛书的普及阅读和学习运用，必将
有利于促进教育改革，提高人才培养质量，提升大众思辨能力，为创新型国家建设和社会文明进步作出深远的贡
献。（孙有中，教授，北京外国语大学副校长） 

《什么是科学思维》是“思想者指南系列丛书”当中的一本，属于该系列下的“大众篇”，供广大读者阅读使用。《什么是科学思维》主要通过讲解科学思维的构成、标准、逻辑、方法，并以生物学、化学、科学、生态学等科学学科为例进行说明，来帮助读者提升科学思维。

Richard Paul：思辨研究专家，国际思辨研究运动主要负责人，已发表200余篇与思辨研究相关的论文、出版5部论述思辨研究的著作。Linda Elder：教育心理学专家、思辨研究专家，在美国多所大学任教，主要教授课程为教育心理学、思辨能力培养；思辨研究协会会长、思辨中心执行主任。

Why a Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thinking?……….iii
Why Scientific Thinking?……….1
The Elements of Scientific Thought……….2
Questions Using the Elements of Scientific Thought……….3
A Checklist for Scientific Reasoning……….4
Scientific Thinking Seeks to Quantify, Explain, and Predict Relationships in Nature……..6
Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientific Thinking……….8
Intellectual Standards in Scientific Thinking……….10
The Figuring Mind Thinking Scientifically……….11
How to Analyze the Logic of a Scientific Article, Essay, or Chapter……….12
Analyzing the Logic of a Science Textbook……….14
Experimental Thinking Requires Experimental Controls……….15
The Logic of an Experiment ……….16
Post Experiment Analysis……….17
How to Evaluate an Author’s or Experimenter’s Scientific Reasoning……….18
Two Kinds of Scientific Questions……….19
Asking One System and Conflicting System Questions……….20
Scientific Reasoning Abilities……….22
Analyzing & Assessing Scientific Research……….23
Purpose……….25
Questions at Issue or Central Problem ……….27
Information……….28
Inference and Interpretation……….29
Assumptions……….30
Concepts and Ideas……….31
Point of View……….33
Implications and Consequences……….35
Intellectual Dispositions Essential to Scientific Thinking……….36
Scientific Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards to the Elements of Scientific
Reasoning as They Develop the Traits of a Scientific Mind……….38
Development of the Scientific Mind……….39
Analyzing the Logic of a Subject……….40
The Logic of Scientific Reasoning……….41
The Questioning Mind in Science……….42
The Logic of Science……….45
The Logic of Physics……….47
The Logic of Chemistry……….49
The Logic