语言的基础:大脑.意义.语法和演变

Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1  PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
1  The Complexity of Linguistic Structure
  1.1 A sociological problem
  1.2 The structure of a simple sentence
  1.3 Phonological structure
  1.4 Syntactic structure
  1.5 Semantic/conceptual and spatial structure
  1.6 Connecting the levels
  1.7 Anaphora and unbounded dependencies
2  Language as a Mental Phenomenon
  2.1 What do we mean by “mental” ?
  2.2 How to interpret linguistic notation mentally
  2.3 Knowledge of language
  2.4 Competence versus performance
  2.5 Language in a social context (all toobriefly)
3  Combinatoriality
  3.1 The need for an f-mental grammar
  3.2 Some types of rule
    3.2.1 Formation rules and typedvariables
    3.2.2 Derivational (transformational)rules
    3.2.3 Constraints
  3.3 Lexical rules
    3.3.1 Lexical formation rules
    3.3.2 Lexical redundancy rules
    3.3.3 Inheritance hierarchies
  3.4 What are rules of grammar?
  3.5 Four challenges for cognitive neuroscience
    3.5.1 The massiveness of the bindingproblem
    3.5.2 The Problem of 2
    3.5.3 The problem of variables
    3.5.4 Binding in working memory vs.long-term memory
4 Universal Grammar
  4.1 The logic of the argument
  4.2 Getting the hypothesis right
  4.3 Linguistic universals
  4.4 Substantive universals, repertoire of rule types,and architectural universals
  4.5 The balance of linguistic and more generalcapacities
  4.6 The poverty of the stimulus; the Paradox ofLanguage Acquisition
  4.7 Poverty of the stimulus in word learning
  4.8 How Universal Grammar can be related togenetics
  4.9 Evidence outside ,linguistic structure forUniversal Grammar/Language Acquisition Device
    4.9.1 Species-specificity
    4.9.2 Characteristic timing ofacquisition
    4.9.3 Dissociations
    4.9.4 Language creation
  4.10 Summary of factors’involved in the theory ofUniversal Grammar
PART Ⅱ  ARCHITECTURAL FOUNDATIONS
5 The Parallel Architecture
  5.1 Introduction to Part Ⅱ
  5.2 A short history of syntactocentrism
  5.3 Tiers and interfaces in phonology
  5.4 Syntax and phonology
  5.5 Semantics as a generative system
  5.6 The tripartite theory and some variants
  5.7 The lexicon and lexical licensing
  5.8 Introduction to argument structure
  5.9 How much of syntactic argument structure can bepredicted from semantics?
    5.9.1 Number of syntactic arguments
    5.9.2 Category of syntactic arguments
    5.9.3 Position of syntactic~irguments
    5.9.4 Locality of syntactic arguments, andexceptions
  5.10 A tier for grammatical functions?
6 Lexical Storage versus Online Construction
  6.1 Lexical items versus words
  6.2 Lexical items smaller than words
    6.2.1 Productive morphology
    6.2.2 Semiproductive morphology
    6.2.3 The necessity of a heterogeneoustheory
  6.3 Psycholinguistic considerations
  6.4 The status of lexical redundancy rules
  6.5 Idioms
  6.6 A class of construetion~il idioms
  6.7 Generalizing the notion of construction
  6.8 The status of inheritance hierarchies
  6.9 Issues of acquisition
  6.10 Universal Grammar as a set of attractors
  6.11 Appendix: Remarks on HPSG and ConstructionGrammar
7 Implications for Processing
  7.1 The parallel competence architecture forms a basisfor a processing architecture
  7.2 How the competence model can constrain theories ofprocessing
  7.3 Remarks on working memory
  7.4 More about lexical access
    7.4.1 Lexical access in perception
    7.4.2 Priming
    7.4.3 Lexical access in production
    7.4.4 Speech errors and tip-of-the-tonguestates
    7.4.5 Syntactic priming
  7.5 Structure-constrained modularity
    7.5.1 Fodor’s view and an alternative
    7.5.2 Interface modules are how integrativemodules talk to each other
    7.5.3 The “bi-domain specificity” ofinterface modules
    7.5.4 Multiple inputs and outputs on thesame “blackboard”
    7.5.5 Informational encapsulation amonglevels of structure
8 An Evolutionary Perspective on the Architecture~
  8.1 The dialectic
  8.2 Bickerton’s proposal and auxiliaryassumptions
  8.3 The use of symbols
  8.4 Open class of symbols
  8.5 A generative system for single symbols:proto-phonology
  8.6 Concatenation of symbols to build largerutterances
  8.7 Using linear position to signal semanticrelations
  8.8 Phrase structure
  8.9 Vocabulary for relational concepts
  8.10 Grammatical categories and ,the “basic body plan”of syntax
  8.11 Morphology and grammatical functions
  8.12 Universal Grammar as a toolkit again
PART Ⅲ SEMANTIC AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
9 Semantics as a Mentalistic Enterprise
  9.1 Introduction to part III,
  9.2 Semantics vis-a-vis mainstream generativegrammar
  9.3 Meaning and its interfaces
  9.4 Chomsky and Fodor on semantics
  9.5 Some “contextualist” approaches to meaning
  9.6 Is there a specifically linguistic semantics?
  9.7 Four non-ways to separate linguistic semantics fromconceptualization
    9.7.1 Semantics = “dictionary”; pragmatics= “encyclopedia”
    9.7.2 Logical vs. nonlogical semanticproperties
    9.7.3 Grammatically realized vs.grammatically irrelevant content
    9.7.4 Language-specific semantics implyinga special linguistic semantics
10 Reference and Truth
  10.1 Introduction
  10.2 Problems with the common-sense view:”language”
  10.3 Problems with the common-sense view:”objects”
  10.4 Pushing “the world” into the mind
  10.5 A simple act of deictic reference
  10.6 The functional correlates of consciousness
  10.7 Application to theory of reference
  10.8 Entities other than objects
  10.9 Proper names, kinds, and abstract objects
    10.9.1 Proper names
    10.9.2 Kinds
    10.9.3 Abstract objects
  10.10 Satisfaction and truth
  10.11 Objectivity, error, and the role of thecommunity
11 Lexical Semantics
  11.1 Boundary conditions on theories of lexicalmeaning
  11.2 The prospects for decomposition intoprimitives
  11.3 Polysemy
  11.4 Taxonomic structure
  11.5 Contributions from perceptual modalities
  11.6 Other than necessary and sufficientconditions
    11.6.1 Categories with gradedboundaries
    11.6.2 “Cluster” concepts
  11.7 The same abstract organization in many semanticfields
  11.8 Function-argument structure across semanticfields
    11.8.1 Some basic state- andevent-functions
    11.8.2 Building verb meanings
  11.9  Qualia structure: characteristicactivities and purposes
  11.10  Dot objects
  11. 11  Beyond
12 Phrasal Semantics
  12.1 Simple composition
    12.1.1 Argument satisfaction
    12.1.2 Modification
    12.1.3 Lambda extraction and variablebinding
    12.1.4 Parallels in lexical semantics
  12.2 Enriched composition
  12.3 The referential tier
  12.4 Referential dependence and referentialframes
  12.5 The information structure (topic/focus) tier
  12.6 Phrasal semantics and Universal Grammar
  12.7 Beyond: discourse, conversation, narrative
13 Concluding Remarks
References
Index