标准模型及拓展(英文)The standard model and beyond

　　《标准模型及拓展(南京大学研究生精品课程)》是弗加多斯在南京大学关于粒子物理的演讲稿整理成文，由粒子物理的简介入手，依次讲解了群论原理、狄拉克理论等内容，适合物理学粒子物理方向学生学习。

0.1  PREFACE
1  Introduction to Particle Physics
  1.1  The natural System of Units
  1.2  The Planck Natural system of units
  1.3  Invariants in kinematics
  1.4  Cross sections and Luminosities
    1.4.1   Luminosity for fixed target experiments
    1.4.2   Lmninosity for colliding beam experiments
  1.5  Kinematics of particle decay
  1.6  Invariants in the scattering of two particles
  1.7  Transformation properties of non invariant quantities
2  Elements of Group Theory
  2.1  Definitions
  2.2  Matrix groups
    2.2.1  The exponential of a matrix
    2.2.2  Determination of the independent parameters
  2.3  The structure constants
  2.4  Representations
    2.4.1  The fundamental representation
    2.4.2  The adjoined representation
  2.5  Homomorphism-isomorphism
  2.6  Some further examples
  2.7  The proper orthogonal groups O(3) and O(4)
  2.8  Symmetries and conservation laws-Noether's theorem
3  The Dirac Theory
  3.1  Preliminaries-The Klein Gordon equation
  3.2  The Dirac equation
    3.2.1  The spinors u and v
    3.2.2  Projection operators
    3.2.3  Various representations of the Dirac Matrices
  3.3  Interpretation of negative energy solutions
  3.4  The notion of helicity
  3.5  Charge conjugation for 4-spinors
  3.6  Types of currents
4  The standard Model-Symmetry and particle content
  4.1  The essential ingredients
  4.2  The notion of a local symmetry
  4.3  Non Abelian gauge transformation
    4.3.1  Transformations associated with a non Abelian group
    4.3.2  Some Examples
  4.4  Gauge invariant Lagrangians
    4.4.1  Only gauge fields
    4.4.2  Lagrangian in the presence of scalar fields
    4.4.3  Lagrangian in the presence of fermion fields
  4.5  The particle content of the SM
  4.6  The electroweak Lagrangian
5  The Higgs Mechanism
  5.1  The Higgs Mechanism in global gauge transformations
  5.2  The Higgs Mechanism in gauge theories
  5.3  Fundamental theorem of Higgs Mechanism
6  The Group SU(3)-Quantum Chromodynamics
  6.1  Quantum chromodynamics QCD
  6.2  The one gluon exchange potential
    6.2.1  Process involving only baryons
    6.2.2  processes involving the creation of a qq pair
    6.2.3  processes involving interaction of mesons
  6.3  Low energy formalism
    6.3.1  The orbital part at the quark level
    6.3.2  The kinetic energy part
    6.3.3  The confining potential
    6.3.4  Fitting the strength of the confining potential
  6.4  Matrix elements involving two quarks
    6.4.1  The confining potential
    6.4.2  The one gluon exchange potential
7  Fermion Masses and Currents
  7.1  Fermion masses
  7.2  The currents
    7.2.1  The EM current
    7.2.2  The charged currents
    7.2.3  The neutral currents
  7.3  The contact interaction
  7.4  Determination of the Standard Model Parameters
  7.5  Summary
8  Rates and Cross Sections in Electroweak Theory
  8.1  Brief review and formulae
  8.2  Decay widths and cross section
    8.2.1  The decay of a vectcr boson
  8.3  Muon-antimuon production in electron- positron colliders
  8.4  neutrino electron scatterir
9  Supersymmetry for Pedestrians
  9.1  Introduction
  9.2  The particle content of MSSM
    9.2.1  gauge particles
    9.2.2  Fermions and s-fermions
    9.2.3  The Higgs content
  9.3  The Higgs mechanism
  9.4  The Fermion masses
  9.5  Supersymmetry breaking
  9.6  Some remarks about the particle spectrum
10  SU(5)-An Example of Grand Unification
  10.1  Mathematical Introduction
  10.2  The structure of the GUT SU(5)
  10.3  The particle content
    10.3.1  The Fermions
    10.3.2  The gauge bosons
    10.3.3  The Higgs content
  10.4  The Higgs Mechanism
  10.5  The gauge boson masses
  10.6  Gauge couplings
  10.7  Baryon Asymmetry
11  A Brief Introduction to Cosmology
  11.1  Cosmological Principles
  11.2  The eXpanding Universe-Tie big bang scenario
    11.2.1  The receding of galaxies
    11.2.2  The background microwave radiation
    11.2.3  The abundance of primordial 4/2He and other light elements in theUniverse
  11.3  Evolution of the Universe
  11.4  The Cosmological Constant - Dark Energy
  11.5  The standard cosmological model
  11.6  The proper length and the horizon
    11.6.1  The proper length entering the prototype candles
    11.6.2  The horizon
  11.7  temperature
    11.7.1  The relic neutrinos
  11.8  The role of dark matter
    11.8.1  The rotational velocities
    11.8.2  Gravitational lensing
    11.8.3  The observation of bullet cluster
  11.9  Dark energy
    11.9.1  Observations with standard candles
    11.9.2  The microwave background radiation -The earliest picture of the Universe
  11.10  The WMAP and PLANCK Observations
12  Neutrino oscillations
  12.1  Introduction
  12.2  The formalism
  12.3  Neutrino oscillation experiments
  12.4  The absolute scale of the neutrino mass
  12.5  Neutrinos as probes
13  C.P.T and all that
  13.1  Space inversion P
    13.1.1  Parity conservation-parity violation
  13.2  The helicity of the neutrinos
    13.2.1  The determination of the helicity of neutrinos
    13.2.2  Weak interaction and handedness
  13.3  Charge Conjugation
    13.3.1  Charge conjugation for 4-spinors
    13.3.2  Transformation of currents
    13.3.3  Symmetry relation of the Dirac mass term
    13.3.4  Symmetry relation of the Majorana mass term
    13.3.5  The charge conjugation of composite systems
    13.3.6  How good a symmetry is the charge conjugation?
  13.4  Time reversal
    13.4.1  Time reversal in classical mechanics
    13.4.2  Time reversal in quantum mechanics
    13.4.3  Premature evidence for T violation
  13.5  CP the combined action of P and C symmetries
    13.5.1  The neutral Kaon system
    13.5.2  Strangeness oscillations
    13.5.3  Kaon regeneration
    13.5.4  CP Violation
    13.5.5  Evidence for T-violation
  13.6  The combined symmetry CPT