批判性思维(第6版·英语版)

批判性思维常指善于主动、客观地评估各种观念和信息的能力、态度和倾向，是否拥有批判性思维的精神和气质，已经成为人们在学习、工作和生活中能否出彩的关键。本书逻辑清晰，语言简洁，既涵盖批判性思维的所有基础概念，如基本逻辑概念、语言陷阱、常见逻辑谬误、分析及评估论证，又洞悉日常思维陷阱，有助于提高思辨能力。此外，本书不仅每章配备趣味练习，而且援引大量名人名言，既帮助读者在学习、实践中见证自己的进步，还能予以启迪。自问世以来，本书多次再版，深受国外大学师生欢迎，非常适合国内高校师生，以及备考GRE、托福、雅思等考试的学生阅读。

人身攻击？自相矛盾？转移话题？偷梁换柱？
“对我有利的一定是对的。”“你就是针对我。”“大家都这么说。”……
我们被不良的思维习惯束缚而不自知，从而落入学习、工作与生活中的思维陷阱。本书涵盖批判性思维的所有基础概念，从基本逻辑知识出发，剖析常见的逻辑谬误，通过实例分析与趣味练习，助力读者击破思维障碍，走出思维困境，成为逻辑更强、思维更全面、不盲从的独立思考者与表达者。

格雷戈里·巴沙姆（Gregory Bassham）是宾夕法尼亚州国王学院的哲学荣誉退休教授，著述颇丰，已编辑多部书稿，新近出版的作品是《睡前读物之哲学：从西方哲学的诞生到〈善地〉》（2021）。
威廉·欧文（William Irwin）是国王学院的哲学教授，已出版多部学术著作、小说、教材，并发表多篇学术文章，主要研究方向为美学、存在主义、释经学。
亨利·纳尔多内（Henry Nardone）是国王学院的哲学荣誉退休教授，已发表多篇关于批判性思维和美学的学术文章。
詹姆斯·M. 华莱士（James M. Wallace）是国王学院的英语教授，多次出席关于写作教学、文学研究、批判性思维等主题的会议，已在同行评审期刊上发表文章。

A Personal Word to Students
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Critical Thinking 1
What Is Critical Thinking?
Critical Thinking Standards
The Benefits of Critical Thinking
Barriers to Critical Thinking
Qualities of a Critical Thinker
Chapter 2 Recognizing Arguments
What Is an Argument?
Identifying Premises and Conclusions
What Is Not an Argument?
Chapter 3 Basic Logical Concepts
Deduction and Induction
How Can We Tell Whether an Argument Is Deductive or Inductive?
Common Patterns of Deductive Reasoning
Common Patterns of Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Validity
Inductive Strength
Chapter 4 Language
Finding the Right Words: The Need for Precision
The Importance of Precise Definitions
Emotive Language: Slanting the Truth
Euphemisms and Political Correctness
Chapter 5 Logical Fallacies—I
The Concept of Relevance
Fallacies of Relevance
Chapter 6 Logical Fallacies—II
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence
Chapter 7 Analyzing Arguments
Diagramming Short Arguments
Summarizing Longer Arguments
Chapter 8 Evaluating Arguments and Truth Claims
When Is an Argument a Good One?
When Is It Reasonable to Accept a Premise?
Refuting Arguments
Chapter 9 A Little Categorical Logic
Categorical Statements
Translating into Standard Categorical Form
Categorical Syllogisms
Chapter 10 A Little Propositional Logic
Conjunction
Conjunction and Validity
Negation 272
Deeper Analysis of Negation and Conjunction
Disjunction
Conditional Statements
Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning
Introduction to Induction
Inductive Generalizations
Statistical Arguments
Induction and Analogy
Induction and Causal Arguments
A Few Words about Probability
Chapter 12 Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Informational Sources
Taking Notes
Using Sources
Chapter 13 Writing Argumentative Essays
Writing a Successful Argument
Before You Write
Writing the First Draft
After the First Draft
Chapter 14 Thinking Critically about the Media
Mass Media and Social Media
The News
News Media Bias
Media Literacy
Advertising
Chapter 15 Science and Pseudoscience
The Basic Pattern of Scientific Reasoning
The Limitations of Science
How to Distinguish Science from Pseudoscience
A Case Study in Pseudoscientific Thinking: Astrology
Appendix: The Six Habits of Effective Problem Solvers A-1
Answers to Selected Exercises ANS-1
Index I-1