广义三角函数与双曲函数

本书的主要目的是引入并研究被称为广义三角函数和双曲函数的各种主题。该方法和相关分析基本上是作者自己的研究成果，并且在许多情况下，这些内容与该主题之前的数学研究没有联系。一般来说，作者获得的结果是通过使用“严格的启发式”数学分析风格得出并讨论的。然而，尽管有些人可能认为这种研究方法是有限制的，但此过程允许我们遵循非常有趣的结果。学习并理解本书内容需要读者已经掌握了基本平面几何、三角学和一年的微积分课程的相关知识。

Dedication
List of Figures
Preface
Author
1 TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 SINE AND COSINE: GEOMETRIC DEFINITIONS
1.3 SINE AND COSINE: ANALYTIC DEFINITION
1.3.1 Derivatives
1.3.2 Integrals
1.3.3 Taylor Series
1.3.4 Addition and Subtraction Rules
1.3.5 Product Rules
1.4 SINE AND COSINE: DYNAMIC SYSTEM APPROACH
1.4.1 x-y Phase-Space
1.4.2 Symmetry Properties of Trajectories in Phase-Space
1.4.3 Null-Clines
1.4.4 Geometric Proof that All Trajectories Are Closed
1.5 HYPERBOLIC SINE AND COSINE: DERIVED FROM SINE AND COSINE
1.6 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS: DYNAMIC SYSTEM DERIVATION
1.7 0-PERIODIC HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
1.8 DISCUSSION
Notes and References
2 ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 0-PERIODIC ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
2.3 ELLIPTIC HAMILTONIAN DYNAMICS
2.4 JACOBI, CN, SN, AND DN FUNCTIONS
2.4.1 Elementary Properties of Jacobi Elliptic Functions
2.4.2 First Derivatives
2.4.3 Differential Equations
2.4.4 Calculation of u(0) and the Period for cn, sn, dn
2.4.5 Special Values of Jacobi Elliptic Functions
2.5 ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF JACOBI ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
2.5.1 Fundamental Relations for Square of Functions
2.5.2 Addition Theorems
2.5.3 Product Relations
2.5.4 cn, sn, dn for Special k Values
2.5.5 Fourier Series
2.6 DYNAMICAL SYSTEM INTERPRETATION OF ELLIPTIC JACOBI FUNCTIONS
2.6.1 Definition of the Dynamic System
2.6.2 Limitsk→0 andk→l-
2.6.3 First Integrals
2.6.4 Bounds and Symmetries
2.6.5 Second-Order Differential Equations
2.6.6 Discussion
2.7 HYPERBOLIC ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AS A DYNAMIC SYSTEM
2.8 HYPERBOLIC 0-PERIODIC ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
2.9 DISCUSSION
Notes and References
3 SQUARE FUNCTIONS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 PROPERTIES OF THE SQUARE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3.3 PERIOD OF THE SQUARE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN THE VARIABLE
3.4 FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3.5 DYNAMIC SYSTEM INTERPRETATION OF｜x｜ ｜y｜ = 1
3.6 HYPERBOLIC SQUARE FUNCTIONS: DYNAMICS SYSTEM APPROACH
3.7 PERIODIC HYPERBOLIC SQUARE FUNCTIONS
Notes and References
4 PARABOLIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 H(x, y) =｜y｜ (1/2) x2 AS A DYNAMIC SYSTEM
4.3 GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF｜y｜ (1/2)x2 = 1/2=1 AS A DYNAMIC SYSTEM
4.4 lyl-(1/2)x2=1/2
4.5 GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF｜y｜ (1/2)x2 =1/2
Notes and References
5 GENERALIZED PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF f(t)2 g(t)2 = 1
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 GENERALIZED COSINE AND SINE FUNCTIONS
5.3 MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF O(t)
5.4 AN EXAMPLE: A(t)=alsin(2π/T)t
5.5 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR f(t) AND g(t)
5.6 DISCUSSION
5.7 NON-PERIODIC SOLUTION; OF f2(t) g2(t)=1
Notes and References
6 RESUME OF (SOME) PREVIOUS RESULTS ON GENERALIZED TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FORMULATION
6.3 DEFINITION AS INTEGRAL FORMS
6.4 GEOMETRIC APPROACH
6.5 SYMMETRY CONSIDERATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES
6.5.1 Symmetry Transformation and Consequences
6.5.2 Hamiltonian Formulation
6.5.3 Area of Enclosed Curve
6.5.4 Period
6.6 SUMMARY
Notes and References
7 GENERALIZED TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:｜y｜p ｜x｜q=1
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 METHODOLOGY
7.3 SUMMARY
7.4 GALLERY OF PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS
8 GENERALIZED TRIGONOMETRIC HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS:｜y｜p ｜x｜q=1
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 SOLUTIONS
8.3 GALLERY OF SPECIAL SOLUTIONS
9 APPLICATIONS AND ADVANCED TOPICS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 ODD-PARITY SYSTEMS AND THEIR FOURIER REPRESENTATIONS
9.3 TRULY NONLINEAR OSCILLATORS
9.3.1 Antisymmetric, Constant Force Oscillator
9.3.2 Particle in a Box
9.3.3 Restricted Duffing Equation
9.4 ATEB PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
9.5 EXACT DISCRETIZATION OF THE JACOBI ELLIPTI